apgov unit 4

chapters 10-12

political culture

the dominant set of beliefs, customs, traditions, and values that define the relationship between citizens and government

individualism

the belief that individuals should be responsible for themselves and for the decisions they make

free enterprise

an economic system in which government intrudes as little as possible in the economic transactions among citizens and businesses

control and command economy

the government dictates much of the nation’s economic activity; setting wages, prices, and production

rule of law

the principle that no one, including public officials is above the law

freedom of information act

allows citizens to access documents and info kept by the government

political socialization

the experiences and factors that shape an individual’s political values, attitudes, and behaviors

generational effect

the impact of historical events experienced by a generation upon their political views

life cycle effect

the impact of a person’s age and stage in life on his or her political views

globalization

the increasing interconnectedness of people, businesses, and countries throughout the world

outsourcing

when a company moves its business to a place where labor costs are cheaper or production is more efficient because workers work longer hours

public opinion

the blending of individuals’ preferences into a larger concept

gut rationality

can assist people in making meaningful political choices

wisdom of crowds

individuals who lack complete information can come up with a meaningful assessment of a problem as a group

political ideology

what we believe and why

political socialization

the process by which we are taught and develop our individual and collective political belief

political culture

the widely shared beliefs values and norms concerning the relationship of citizens to government and to one another

focus group

a small group of individual assembled for a conversation about specific issues

scientific poll

a representative poll of randomly selected respondents with a statistically significant sample size, using neutral language

sample

a group of individuals from a larger population used to measure public opinion

random selection

a method of choosing all poll respondents in a way that does not over or under represent any group of the population

representative sample

a sample that reflects the demographics of the population

weighting

a procedure in which the survey is adjusting according to the demographics of the larger population

sampling error

the margin of error in a poll, which usually is calculated to plus or minus three percentage points

mass survey

a survey designed to measure the opinions of the population, usually consisting of 1,500 responses

entrance survey

a poll conducted of people coming to an event

exit poll

a survey conducted outside a polling place in which individuals are asked who or what they just voted for and why

benchmark poll

a survey taken at the beginning of a political campaign in order to gauge support for a candidate and determine which issues are important to voters

tracking poll

a survey determining the level of support for a candidate or an issue throughout a campaign

random digit dialing

the use of telephone numbers randomly generated by computer to select potential survey respondents

question order

the sequencing of questions in public opinion polls

question wording

the phrasing of a question in a public opinion poll

political ideology

a set of beliefs about the desired goals and outcomes of a process of governance

right

something guaranteed, that the government cannot take away

privilege

something a person may obtain or receive, but that the government can take away

party ideology

a party’s philosophy about the proper role of government and its set of positions on major issues

party identification

an individual’s attachment to a political party

conservatism

an ideology favoring more control of social behavior, fewer regulations on businesses, and less government interference in the economy

liberalism

an ideology favoring less government control over social behavior and more greater regulation of businesses and of the economy

libertarianism

an ideology favoring very little government regulation and intervention beyond protecting private property and individual liberty

mixed economy

economic policy in which many economic decisions are left to individuals and businesses, with the government regulating economic activity

gross domestic product (GDP)

the total value of goods and services produced by an economy

economic recession

a period of decline in economic activity, typically defined by two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth

unemployment rate

the percentage of people actively looking for work and cannot find jobs

inflation

the rise in prices of goods and services

consumer price index (CPI)

the cost of a fixed basket of goods and services over time, used to measure the cost of living

fiscal policy

government use of taxes and spending to attempt to lower unemployment, support economic growth, and stabilize the economy

federal reserve system

a board of governors, Federal Reserve Banks, and member banks responsible for monetary policy

monetary policy

a set of economic policy tools designed to regulate the amount of money in the economy