ANS 104 - Exam 1

Ethology:

(A) Define ethology.

(B) What does ethology have roots in?

(C) Define behaviorism.

(D) What does behaviorism have roots in?

(A) Study of animal behavior.

(B) Biology with a relationship to the environment/ecology and observations in nature.

(C) Learning theory.

(D) Rooted to psychology with observations in the lab with learning and conditioning principles.

History of Ethology:

(A) How is ethology seen in cave paintings?

(B) How is ethology seen in Australian Aborigines and “Firehawks?”

(C) How did Aristotle contribute to ethology?

(D) How did Charles Darwin contribute to ethology?

(E) When did ethology finally formalize into a distinct field?

(A) Global art of native species.

(B) Humans copied the animal behavior of spreading fire to manage land.

(C) Observed brood parasitism behavior of cuckoo birds.

(D) Made Expression of the Emotions in Man & Animals.

(E) 1930s.

Founding Fathers of Ethology:

(A) What Koran Lorenz study?

(B) What did Niko Tinbergen study/contribute?

(C) What did Karl Von Frisch study?

(A) Imprinting in birds.

(B) Made the four questions of ethology and studied fixed action patterns.

(C) Sensory perceptions and dances in honey bees.

Four Questions of Ethology:

(A) There are 2 approaches with focuses to studying ethology. Define proximate.

(B) Define ultimate.

(C) What do proximate questions focus on?

(D) What do ultimate questions focus on?

(A) Short-term.

(B) Long-term.

(C) Cause - What stimuli elicit behavior; Development - How does the behavior change throughout an animal’s life.

(D) Function - Does the behavior help the animal survive; Evolution - What selective pressures shaped the behavior.

Behavior:

(A) Define behavior.

(B) Why do organisms perform/maintain behaviors?

(A) A fundamental property of all living organisms where a change to the external world or internal state is sensed and responded to accordingly.

(B) To enable the survival of the species.

Evolutionary Fitness:

(A) Define fitness.

(B) What do advantageous behaviors do for an individual?

(C) What are animals with high fitness more likely to do?

(A) Ability of individuals to survive/produce offspring.

(B) Increase fitness in varying degrees across those in the same species.

(C) Pass on genetic material.

Selection Pressures:

(A) 3 ways selection pressures appear?

(B) Define natural selection.

(C) Define relaxed selection.

(D) What can relaxed selection do?

(E) Define artificial selection.

(F) What can artificial selection result in?

(A) Natural selection, relaxed selection, or artificial selection.

(B) Organisms better adapted to their natural environment have higher fitness.

(C) When natural selection pressures are relieved.

(D) It can make traits stay the same, be reduced, or become more variable.

(E) Humans selectively breed plants/animals, causing certain traits to increase or decrease in frequency.

(F) Domestication.

Wild vs. Domestic Selection Pressures:

(A) Define domestication.

(B) How do aurochs and domestic cattle differ in selection pressure?

(A) When an animal is changed genetically (physically/behaviorally) from its wild ancestor.

(B) They share the same natural selection pressures. However, fitness in the domestic cow is linked to artificial selection pressures and some of their natural selection pressures have become relaxed.

Waves of Domestication:

(A) When was the first wave of domestication? What was it for?

(B) When was the second wave of domestication? What was it for?

(A) 8,000 to 15,000 years ago for selective breeding of agricultural species, dogs, cats, & other species that failed to be domesticated.

(B) It has been within the last 100 years for selective breeding of fur animals, lab animals, & new meat producers.

1st Wave Domestication:

(A) Dogs were the first to be domesticated. Who did they come from? When do they start appearing?

(B) Why was dog domestication unique?

(C) When/where/who were cats domesticated from?

(D) Why were cats domesticated?

(E) What is believed about the wild-type ancestor of horses?

(A) Coming from grey wolves, they first appeared in Central Asia 15,000 years ago before spreading across continents.

(B) They had a symbiotic relationship with humans by eating trash. After generations of breeding the most tolerant, they could hunt together.

(C) Cats came from the African wildcat in the Fertile Crescent about 8,000 to 4,000 years ago.

(D) It is believed they are self-domesticated as they appeared as pest control due to rodents eating grain.

(E) It is extinct with one surviving subspecies of Przewaiski’s horses in Mongolia remaining.

Domestication Traits:

(A) Why does being highly social lead to domestication?

(B) Why does breeding at an early age lead to domestication?

(C) Why does having no monogamy/strong mating bonds lead to domestication?

(D) Why does precocious young lead to domestication?

(E) Why does limited sensitivity to environmental change lead to domestication?

(F) Why does generalized feeding behavior lead to domestication?

(A) They are easier to house and can communicate things for management.

(B) They have a shorter generation turnover.

(C) They are better for selective breeding of certain traits you want.

(D) They require less resources/monitoring and are less vunerable.

(E) They have behavioral flexibility/adaptability.

(F) It is easier to provide for than a specialized diet.

Domestication Outcomes:

(A) What are common physical outcomes of domestication?

(B) Define neoteny.

(C) What are physical attributes of domestication linked to?

(D) What are the common behavioral characteristics of domesticated animals.

(A) 1. Black/White coloring, 2. Wavy/curly hair, 3. Shortened tails, 4. Shorter snouts/smaller teeth*, 5. Rolled tails*, 6. Floppy ears*

(B) The retention of juvenile traits in the wild ancestor seen in the domesticated adult.

(C) Juvenile physical attributes are linked to behavior of domesticated animals.

(D) 1. Longer mating seasons/fertile windows, 2. Reduced fear of humans/flight zone, 3. Reduced aggression

2nd Wave of Domestication:

(A) What parts of behavior are/aren’t changed by domestication?

(B) Example: What can be seen in both wild/domesticated sows?

(A) Domestication does not change motor patterns of behaviors. It does change when/how often animals perform it.

(B) They both gather materials to build nests. Domestic sows will still show motor patterns of nest building without one present.

Domestication of Red Junglefowl:

(A) What has artificial selection of the Red Junglefowl resulted in?

(B) How did artificial selection for egg production change the Red Junglefowl?

(A) Broiler breeds, layer breeders, and others.

(B) It changed the animal’s priorities.

Red Junglefowl Vs. White Leghorn:

(A) How do they differ in adult size?

(B) How do they differ in egg amount/size?

(C) How do they differ in response to predators? This was done by putting them in cages with feed with fake hawks and hawk calls.

(D) How do they differ in response to an open-field test where they are placed into open space in social isolation?

(E) How do they differ in active/social behavior?

(F) How do they differ in feeding behavior? Both pens had free feed and mixed feed that required scratching/searching for food.

(G) Junglefowls are called contrafreeloaders, what does that mean?

(A) Junglefowl - Weigh around 1.7 lbs; Leghorn - Weigh around 3.5 lbs.

(B) Junglefowl - Only lay in the spring with 10/15 eggs per year that weigh around 30 grams; Leghorn - 1 egg per day that weighs 60 grams.

(C) Junglefowl - Froze and alerted by alarm calls; Leghorn - Continued moving/eating.

(D) Junglefowl - Froze and stayed alert; Leghorn - Continued walking around.

(E) Junglefowl - More active and social; Leghorn - Less active; Both had similar levels of dustbating/preening.

(F) Junglefowl - Majority chose mixed feed; Leghorn - Majority chose free feed.

(G) This is a behavior where animals choose to work for food even when identical food can be obtained without any effort.

Behavioral Genetics:

(A) Are there breed-specific behaviors?

(B) Define behavioral genetics.

(C) What are the majority of animal behavior shaped by?

(A) No, there are only species-specific behaviors.

(B) Scientific discipline that attempts to understand how genes affect behavior.

(C) Most are shaped by both genetics and environment. However some lean on the opposite ends of the spectrum.

Characteristics of Behavior Shaped by Genetics:

What are the characteristics of behavior shaped by genetics?

1. Involves reflexes/parts of the body by a specific stimulus.

2. Relatively constant in form for the species.

3. It isn’t acquired by practice.

4. Despite environmental differences, all individuals of a species can exhibit the behavior.

5. It oftens depends on conditions in the internal environment.

6. Often essential for survival.

Characteristics of Behavior Shaped by Environment:

What are the characteristics of behavior shaped by environment?

1. Acquired from experience and involves learning.

2. Developed largely due to stimuli from the external environment.

3. It is adaptable to changing conditions.

4. It changes over the lifetime of an animal.

5. It’s progressive and subject to improvement/refinement by practice.

Ex: Beak-peaking in baby herring gulls is done on the beak of the adult to get fed. Researchers did experiments with different beaks on puppets and a red stick and measured the number of peaks the chick gave it. The results showed that even if a red spot is lacking, the chick would peak it, making parts of the environment influence the amount.

(A) What is the evidence for genetics influencing the trait?

(B) What is the evidence for environment influencing the trait?

(C) Is genetics, environmental, or an equal amount of both influencing the behavior the most?

(A) 1. Inflexible, being triggered by a specific stimulus, 2. Happens immediantly after hatching, 3. Performed the same way each time, 4. Essential for survival.

(B) 1. Sensitive to changes in the stimulus to account for variation.

(C) Genetics.

Ex: Litter box used by domestic cats.

(A) What is the evidence for genetics influencing the trait?

(B) What is the evidence for environment influencing the trait?

(C) Is genetics, environmental, or an equal amount of both influencing the behavior the most?

(A) 1. Begins early in life with anti-predators/anti-competitor functions, 2. Behavioral sequence is similar across cats and time, 3. Most cats readily use litter and are generally attracted to dirt/sand.

(B) 1. Orphaned/abandoned kittens only partially cover or leave feces fully uncovered, 2. Changes in behavior of dominant/subordinate individuals depending on if they are lone or together, so it depends on social status, 3. There is imprinting on particular textures in different environments.

(C) An equal amount of both.

Ex: Dressage in horses.

(A) What is the evidence for genetics influencing the trait?

(B) What is the evidence for environment influencing the trait?

(C) Is genetics, environmental, or an equal amount of both influencing the behavior the most?

(A) 1. Requires physical build (length/height) and specific gait (leg length/size).

(B) 1. Takes years to train dressage + Changes over the life-time of the animal + subject to improvement/refinement + Adaptable, 2. Involves systematic development/training in response to stimuli from a trainer.

(C) Environment.

Complex Relationship b/w Genes & Behavior:

(A) Why are genes not connected to traits one to one?

(B) Although there is a genetic basis for behavior, what else should people be cautious of?

(A) Pleiotropy, the phenomenon that one gene is responsible for affecting more than 1 characteristic.

(B) The effects of the environment.

Ex: Mice in a maze, some good, others bad were put into categories of brights and dulls that were bred into subsequent generations. Errors made in the maze by the 2 groups were normalized under a typical lab environment.

(A) Errors were measured in a another experiment with restricted and riched environments. What did it show?

(A) Performance was also affected by the environment.

Ex: Voles are monogamous and raise offspring with different parenting styles. Some are helicopter-parents, others do free-range. Scientists wanted to know if this was genetics or environment as offspring show the same parenting style as adults.

(A) With a cross-fostering experiment, what was found?

(A) Young voles adopted behaviors of those they grew up with than from their biological parents.

Sexual Reproduction:

(A) Define primary sexual characteristics.

(B) Define secondary sexual characteristics.

(C) Where are secondary sexual characteristics found?

(A) Reproductive organs involved in copulation.

(B) Traits related to sexual dimorphism that aren’t directly involved in copulation.

(C) Usually only in species where there is competition for access to a mate.

Mating System - Monogamy:

(A) Define monogamy.

(B) There are 2 types of monogamy. Define social monogamy.

(C) Define sexual monogamy.

(D) Monogamy can exist for different reasons depending on species/circumstances. Why does the Rhinoceros Hornbill have a monogamous mating system?

(E) Why does the emperor pengion have a monogamous mating system?

(A) One male and one female.

(B) A temporary pair associates for suvival. It is not always maintained with the same partner.

(C) Sexual behavior that is restricted exclusively to the pair.

(D) It allowed unique predator avoidance strategies by making nests in the holes of trees.

(E) It allowed pairs to rear chicks in extraordinarily difficult conditions.

Mating System - Polygamy:

(A) Define polygamy.

(B) There are 2 types of polygamy. Define polyandry.

(C) Define polygyny.

(A) Having more than 1 reproductive partner.

(B) 1 female and multiple males.

(C) 1 male and multiple females.

Mating System - Polyandry:

(A) What are 2 reasons polyandry can occur?

(B) How does sexual dimorphism exist in this mating system?

(C) Why is polyandry uncommon?

(A) Females are already dominant (i.e. honey bees) or are guarding resources (i.e. jacanas).

(B) Females can be larger than the males.

(C) With only 1 female, there is a limited number of offspring.

Mating System - Polygyny:

(A) Where is polygyny common?

(B) What is the sexual dimorphism seen in polygyny?

(C) What are the 2 ways individuals can choose mates?

(A) Most mammal, bird, and reptile species.

(B) Males tend to be bigger and more colorful.

(C) Mate choice - Females choose mates or Male-male competition - Males compete for access to females.

Female Mate Choice Hypothesis:

(A) There are 4 hypotheses for how/why females choose males. What is the idea behind direct benefits?

(B) What is the idea behind good genes?

(C) How are blackbirds an example of the good genes idea?

(D) How are roosters an example of the good genes idea?

(E) What is the idea behind sensory bias exploitation?

(F) How does sensory bias exploitation come to be?

(G) What is the idea behind runaway selection?

(A) Females choose mates that can provide essential resources like food, water, shelter, protection, and offspring care.

(B) Males transmit fitness advantage to offspring as something indicates they are healthier, stronger, or have better survival skills.

(C) Blackbirds with brighter bills have better immune systems.

(D) Rooster comb shape has been associated with poor sperm motility.

(E) Secondary sexual traits of the male match with pre-existing preferences of females.

(F) Female preference exists first, and then males evolve/mutate the trait over generations.

(G) Sensory bias overload, where females choose males with the most exaggerated, preferred trait, even if it does not improve fitness and impedes survivability.

Male-Male Competition:

(A) How can male-male competition be done?

(B) What happens with the winner’s genetics?

(A) Direct contact via fights or no direct contact via dances and displays.

(B) A higher proportion of it is passed down.

Mating System - Promiscuous:

(A) Define promiscuous.

(B) What results in promiscuous mating systems?

(C) Provide examples of promiscuous mating systems.

(A) Both polyandry/polygyny with many males and females.

(B) Domestication.

(C) Wolves are monogamous while dogs are promiscuous. Wild geese are seasonally monogamous while domesticated geese are promiscuous.

Sexual Behavior Process:

(A) What are the steps in the sexual behavior process?

(B) What does advertisement of receptivity depend on?

(C) What affects courtship behavior and mating behavior?

(A) 1. Advertisement of receptivity, 2. Courtship behavior, 3. Mating behavior.

(B) Timing and hormonal changes of the female.

(C) Libido.

Reproduction Events:

(A) Define puberty.

(B) Define estrous cycle.

(C) Define estrus.

(D) When does estrus occur?

(A) Age at which reproductive organs become functional.

(B) Repetitive cycle occurring with no pregnancy of rising/falling hormones and follicle development.

(C) Heat/fertility/receptivity to mating.

(D) Right before ovulation, where the follicle is released for insemination.

Types of Estrus:

(A) Estrus differs depending on species gestation length. Define polyestrous. What species fall under this?

(B) Define seasonally polyestrous.

(C) What are the subtypes of seasonally polyestrous? What species fall under this?

(D) Why are some species seasonally polyestrous?

(E) Define monoestrous. What species fall under this?

(A) Multiple heats per year, which include cattle and sows.

(B) Multiple heats during certain seasons.

(C) Short day breeders include sheep, goat, and deer. Long day breeders include horses.

(D) They breed dependant on the amount of the light so that way the young are born around a time where resources are plentiful.

(E) One heat per year, which include wolves, dogs, and foxes.

1st Estrus Mean Age:

(A) Cows?

(B) Sows?

(C) Ewes?

(D) Mares?

(E) Bitch?

(F) Queen?

(A) 9 months

(B) 7 months

(C) 9 months

(D) 24 months

(E) 10 months

(F) 6 months

Duration of Estrus:

(A) Cows?

(B) Sows?

(C) Ewes?

(D) Mares?

(E) Bitch?

(F) Queen?

(A) 6-30 hours

(B) 1-3 days

(C) 1-2 days

(D) 2-10 days

(E) 7-10 days

(F) 6-10 days

Advertisement to Receptivity:

(A) How do boars advertise to receptive females?

(B) What are signs of female receptivity?

(C) Another advertisement of receptivity is the flehman response. Describe it.

(A) They make soft grunts and have saliva/pee with androstenone, which is a communication signal. Receptive females will smell it and go into the standing reflex.

(B) 1. Swollen vulva, 2. Mucous discharge, 3. Restless behavior, 4. Lordosis, 5. Mounting.

(C) Lips are pulled back and breathing brings in pheromones to the vomeronasal organ.

Courtship Behavior:

(A) What will males do in courtship?

(B) What will females do in courtship?

(A) 1. Strut, 2. Initiate physical contact, 3. Vocalization

(B) 1. Investigate the male, 2. Lordosis via a crouching posture or immobile stand.

Domesticated Animal Breeding Systems:

(A) Define multi-sire. Provide an example.

(B) Define single-sire. Provide an example.

(C) Define hand-controlled. Provide an example.

(D) Define artificial insemination. Provide an example.

(A) Group of males placed with a group of females. Ex: Rangeland sheep.

(B) One male placed with a group of females. Ex: Rooster with hens.

(C) One male is given access to one female. Ex: Stallion and mare.

(D) Using multi or single sire semen. Ex: Sows.

Factors Affecting Sexual Behavior:

(A) What is libido affected by?

(B) What can performance be affected by?

(A) 1. External stimuli - Is it available? 2. Internal hormonal state - Is the animal receptive?

(B) 1. Courtship - Is the animal experienced? 2. Copulation - Can the animal reproduce?

Sexual Issues in Captivity:

(A) How can relaxed natural selection in captivity create issues? Provide an example.

(B) How can unintentional selection create issues? Provide an example.

(C) How can artificial selection create issues? Provide an example.

(D) How can inappropriate rearing conditions create issues?

(E) Rearing conditions differ depending on the species. What is normal for boars, rams, and bulls? Anything outside of that leads to issues in mating.

(A) There was selection of physical traits without libido in mind. Ex: There is inadequate sexual behavior in 17% of stallions.

(B) Humans choosing docile males over aggressive males. However, a meta-analysis found aggression is positively related to reproductive success.

(C) Selection of traits can interfere with sexual performance. Ex: Commercial turkeys have large body weight/breast sizes that prevent the appropriate mounting/copulation behavior.

(D) Early weaning for same sex and same age groups can impact species.

(E) It is normal for boars to be reared in a male group. It is normal for rams to be reared alone. It is normal for bulls to be reared alone or in a male group.

Solutions - Artifical Selection:

(A) Sexual performance is often heritable. Define the heritability coefficient.

(B) The heritability of sexual performance differs depending on species. Compare bulls to rams?

(A) Percentage of variation of a trait that can be explained by genetics. 0 means the behavior is shaped by environment, and 1 means the behavior is shaped by genetics.

(B) It’s heritable in bulls (h² = 0.59) and not very heritable in rams (h² = 0.22).

Solution - Rearing Environment:

(A) Duration and timing of isolation before sexual maturity determines sexual behavior. Take an example with guinea pigs, which are sexually mature around 90-120 days. What happens if they are isolated less than 17 days of age?

(B) What happens if they are isolated from 18-60 days of age?

(C) What happens if they are isolated after 77 days of age?

(A) No effect.

(B) Time of mounting is affected.

(C) The sequence of mounting behaviors is disrupted.

Solution - Manipulate Libido:

(A) You can manipulate libido to solve sexual issues. Define the coolidge effect/novel copulation.

(B) Define the spectator effect.

(A) Copulating with a different female can increase libido.

(B) Observing copulation can increase libido.

Maternal Behavior:

(A) Define parental care.

(B) What do females provide in parental care?

(C) What do males provide in parental care?

(D) What are the exceptions to the parental care rules?

(A) Any behavior towards offspring that increases the chances of the offspring’s survival at the cost of the parent’s ability fitness.

(B) Most/all of the parental care by investing time/energy in conception, gestation, and parturition.

(C) “Cheap” sperm for conception and no part in gestation/parturition. Only a few species care for offspring.

(D) Stickleback and Sea Horses, where the males give birth.

Parent-Offspring Conflict:

(A) What is the mother conflict?

(B) What is the offspring conflict?

(C) What is the balance of parental care costs between the current and future kids?

(A) In order to maximize my lifetime reproductive success, I need to survive/invest in future offspring.

(B) In order to survive easily, I’ll depend on mom as long as I can.

(C) Initially, energy is put into the current kid, but at some point the costs are greater for the future kid.

Parental Terminology:

(A) Define dam.

(B) Define sire.

(C) Define gestation.

(D) Define parity.

(E) Define nulliparous.

(F) Define primiparous.

(G) Define multiparous.

(A) Mother.

(B) Father.

(C) Offspring development in the womb between conception and birth.

(D) Having borne offspring.

(E) Never had offspring.

(F) 1st time having offspring.

(G) Having borne offspring more than once.

Quantity/Quality of Newborn Offspring:

(A) Define monotocous.

(B) Define polytocous.

(C) Define altricial.

(D) Define precocial.

(A) One young.

(B) Many young.

(C) Requires nourishment/Less developed.

(D) Mature before its time/More Developed.

Altricial Animals:

(A) What are altricial offspring like?

(B) What are examples of altricial offspring?

(C) Why are tree-nesting birds altricial while ground-nesting birds precocial?

(A) Deaf, blind nude, and deficient in motor control/temperature regulation.

(B) Polytocous small mammals - Rats, cats, and dogs; Tree-nesting birds - Hawks, owls, and woodpeckers.

(C) They can survive being less developed due to less exposure to predators, the higher up they are.

Precocial Animals:

(A) What are precocial offspring like?

(B) What are examples of precocial offspring?

(A) They have more motor/sensory development. The can leave the nest after birth/hatching to follow parents and can feed themselves almost immediantly.

(B) Monotocous ungulates - Cattle, sheep, horses; Ground-nesting birds - Penguins, domestic poultry, ducks

Components of Maternal Behavior:

(A) What is the timeline of maternal behavior?

(B) What usually results in termination of these behaviors?

(A) Nesting → Responsiveness → Discrimination. Care is provided over the entirety of this timeline.

(B) Weaning.

Pre-Parturient Behavior:

(A) When do we see nesting?

(B) What are internal and external cues of nesting?

(C) What are common changes in behaviors of gestating animals?

(A) Prior to parturition.

(B) Internal - Hormones; External - Daylength

(C) Restlessness, social separation, and going into hiding.

Hider/Follower Babies:

(A) What is an example of a hider baby?

(B) What is an example of a follower baby?

(A) Cattle, which leave babies hidden when feeding.

(B) Sheep, which have babies follow them when feeding.

Calving in Cattle:

(A) What is calving like for rangeland/pasture cattle?

(B) What is calving like for dairy barn cattle?

(C) There was a study that looked at 34 Holstein dairy cows to see if they prefer isolation at calving. There was a preference test of calving in a shelter or in the open in group pens. What was the results?

(A) Cows leave the herd, isolate for calving, and bond with the calf.

(B) Cows calve in the group pens with no physical/visual isolation.

(C) Calves preferred to calve in the shelter and usually gave birth in the daytime. Those that birthed in the open usually did it at night.

Maternal Responsiveness:

(A) What are the internal/external cues of responsiveness?

(B) Responsiveness is considered a sensitive period. What does this mean?

(C) Mothers have a temporary hyper attraction to newborns. What does it begin and end with? Why is like that in the first place?

(D) Following parturition, what else is highly attractive? Why is that?

(A) Internal - Hormones; External - Smell, taste, sound, and appearance of the newborn.

(B) There is a discrete length of time during which a specific behavior is acquired.

(C) It begins with increased responsiveness to any/all young. It ends with individual recognition and discrimination of offspring by the mother. They have this to encourage bond formation.

(D) Amniotic fluid and the placenta, which stimulates grooming to get the baby to breathe.

Ewe Lamb Rejection:

(A) What is a prevalent issue in ewes?

(B) What is a solution to this?

(A) Lamb abandonment.

(B) Using odor transfer to trick ewes into cross-fostering.

Maternal Discrimination:

(A) Define discrimination.

(B) How is discrimination done?

(C) Why is discrimination done?

(A) Transition from general interest in young to a focused interest in specific young.

(B) Sight, sound, and smell.

(C) The dam doesn’t want to invest time/energy into the wrong offspring.

Discrimination by Offspring - Sight/Sound:

(A) Define imprinting.

(B) Where/When does imprinting occur?

(C) Do commercial chicks in hatcheries/incubators lose the behavior?

(D) Why was imprinting selected for?

(A) Newly hatched birds learn to distinguish the shape/sound of their mother & follow her.

(B) In precocial birds. It’s a sensitive period that must occur 1-2 days after hatching.

(C) No, they’ll even imprint on inanimate objects.

(D) Because it was essential for survival.

Discrimination by Mom - Smell:

(A) A study looked 2 groups of nanny goats. One could smell and the other was anosmic. They tested to see if they would accept their offspring, a similar looking alien, or a different looking alien. What were the results?

(A) Offspring were all accepted by both groups. Similar aliens were all rejected by nannies that could smell but most were accepted by those that were anosmic. Different aliens were all rejected by nannies that could smell but most were accepted by those that were anosmic.

Discrimination by Mom - Sight:

(A) A study painted all lambs black to see if there was acceptance by ewes. What were the results?

(B) The study was further broken down into painting parts of the lambs black. What were the results?

(A) All ewes were aggressive toward their lamb.

(B) Sheep identify lambs by their face.

Discrimination by Mom - Sound:

(A) Lambs call by bleating and moms respond. A study wanted to see if ewes could differentiate between aliens and their offspring. 2 speakers respectively played their calls. What was the result?

(B) Sows respond to piglet vocalization. How do litters differ in fitness.

(C) A study had needy and unneedy piglets. How did they differ in vocalization/movement?

(D) A study similar to the ewe study wanted to see if mom could differentiate within her litter. What did it find?

(A) Ewes looked at both speakers, but moved towards their own lamb’s call.

(B) By birth order, which correlates with the teat they feed from.

(C) Needy piglets called more and for longer. They also moved more.

(D) Sows showed a greater response to needy piglet vocalization. They contained info the sow uses to discriminate.

Maternal Care:

(A) Maternal care is costly, how is it provided?

(B) Examples of direct/indirect care?

(A) Direct Care - Immediantey help offspring; Indirect Care - Help offspring in the long run.

(B) Direct care - Provisions of milk, food, and warmth by huddling; Indirect care - Protection by defending nest sites/food and keeping predators away.

Optimal Investment:

(A) What is the overall theoritical goal of animals?

(A) Maximize individual adult lifetime reproductive success.

Weaning:

(A) Define weaning.

(B) How do dams wean offspring?

(C) How does weaning of domestic animals differ under human care versus in nature?

(D) Weaning in the beef cattle industry is often abrupt/stressful. How is fenceline weaning a solution?

(E) How is two stage weaning a solution?

(A) Withdrawal of access to milk/care to gradually adjust young to accepting an adult diet/independence.

(B) By responding aggressively to young when they try to approach.

(C) It is much shorter under human care.

(D) It separates the cow/calf while still allowing them to see each other. At separation, vocalization increases b/c cows want the calf to come over. Movement also increases because the calf is grazing.

(E) Stage 1 - Take away milk access by a nose flap; Stage 2 - Slowly take away contact with the cow.

Biological Rhythms:

(A) Define internal/endogenous.

(B) Define external/exogenous.

(A) Controlled by the internal biological clock, aka genetics.

(B) Controlled by sychronizing internal stimuli with external stimuli acting as time givers called zeitgebers.

Daily Rhythm for Humans:

(A) Define circadian.

(B) Define entrainment.

(C) What do organisms use to synchronize clocks? Provide an example.

(A) “About a day” rhythm.

(B) When the internal rhythm resets to match external stimuli.

(C) Zeitgebers, like with daylight in the case of jet lag.

Earth-Sun Movement:

(A) Define seasons.

(B) How do seasons occur?

(C) Define night/day.

(D) What does night/day length depend on?

(E) How do cyclical environmental changes of Earth’s rhythms affect animals?

(A) Earth’s rotation around the sun

(B) Earth being tilted.

(C) Daily rotation of Earth on its axis.

(D) Latitude and seasons.

(E) Their own daily/annual rhythms of animal behaviors are linked to Earth.

Environmental Rhythms & Domestic Animal Behavior:

(A) Seasonal cycles of mating activities can also be affected by location on Earth. Describe what happens to the estrus/ovulation of ewes in the Southern USA.

(A) Since daylength cues are not that great and subtle, when they cycle and how successful they are are affected.

Species Daily Rhythms:

(A) Define diurnal.

(B) Provide examples.

(C) Define nocturnal.

(D) Provide examples.

(E) Define crepuscular.

(F) Provide examples.

(G) The amount of sleep per day also varies. Why do agricultural animals sleep less than humans?

(A) Active at day.

(B) Humans, cattle, goats, sheep, poultry.

(C) Active at night.

(D) Large cats, raccoons, owls, bats, mouse.

(E) Active at dawn/dusk.

(F) Swine, wolves, domestic cats/dogs, deer, rabbits.

(G) They have differences in behavior for survival as prey animals.

Light Stimulus Recognition:

(A) Describe the pathway of how light information is recieved.

(B) A study wanted to see if roosters would crow at an artificial light. Group A was kept in 12 hours of dim light and 12 hours of bright light. Group B was kept in 24 hours of dim light. What did they find?

(A) Light → Eyes → Suprachiasmatic Nuclei (SCN) in the hypothalamus → Pineal Gland → Stops melatonin production.

(B) Crowing was an internal/genetically driven behavior. However, there was an environmental factor of the dominant rooster crowing more and first.

Time Activity Budget:

(A) Define activity budget.

(B) How are domestic animal activity budgets affected? Provide an example.

(A) Amount of time an animal is engaged in various activities.

(B) Their activity budget is disrupted. For example, wild pigs are crepuscular with active peaks of foraging at dusk/dawn. Domesticated pigs are fed in the morning based on a human work schedule.