ETHICS

Ethics

• a branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions

Important ground rules

• integrity

• responsibility

Integrity

• doing the right thing, even when no one is watchingh

Principle of respect for persons

• the most fundamental and universally found ethical principle across geographical and cultural boundaries, and across professional disciplines. It provides the philosophical foundation for many of the other ethical principles put forward by professions.

• How to respect their rights? How to respect for dignity?

• recognizes the inherent worth of all human beings, regardless of perceived or real differences in social status, ethnic origin, gender, capacities, or other such characteristics. This inherent worth means that all human beings are worthy of equal moral consideration.

Principle of beneficence

• Competent caring for the well-being of persons and peoples involves working for their benefit and, above all, doing no harm. It includes maximizing benefits, minimizing potential harm, and offsetting or correcting harm.

• It requires the application of knowledge and skills that are appropriate for the nature of a situation as well as the social and cultural context.

Principle of justice

• Fairness procedure and making reports

• How to check on this?

• fairness=equity

Principle of Integrity

• How does one become honest, truthful, and communicate accurately in research?

• vital to the advancement of scientific knowledge and to the maintenance of public confidence in the discipline of psychology. It is based on honesty, and on truthful, open and accurate communications.

• It includes recognizing, monitoring, and managing potential biases, multiple relationships, and other conflicts of interest that could result in harm and exploitation of persons or peoples.

Professional and scientific responsibilities to society

• contribute to knowledge that would improve human conditions

• These responsibilities include contributing to the knowledge about human behavior and to persons’ understanding of themselves and others, and using such knowledge to improve the condition of individuals, families, groups, communities, and society. They also include conducting its affairs within society in accordance with the highest ethical standards, and encouraging the development of social structures and policies that benefit all persons and peoples.

No harm

____________made to the participants

• possible risks should be minimized or removes

• Possible forms of harm: physical and physiological

Informed consent

• Information: about the research, roles, known potential risks.

  • possible issue on demand characteristics

• Understanding: What about those with limited understanding?

  • Assent from participants and consent from guardians

• Voluntary participation: freedom to participate, decline, leave

• How do you give informed consent?

  • Ideally through written consent: ICF (English and FIlipino)

  • Ask consent for recording (audio and video)

Deception

• Passive deception (omission)

• Active deception (commission) may involve confederate

why deception is necessary?

• potential scientific value

• no reasonably effective, alternative method

• Involves minimal risks

• need to control demand characteristics

Important considerations (on deception)

• should be justified

• Don’t conceal possible physical pain or severe emotional distress

• Perform debriefing: to counteract or minimize harmful effects (e.g. Embarrassment or annoyance)

  • Delivery- the sooner the better, whenever possible

  • Particulars about the deception, its rationale, and the correct information from either false or incomplete information given

• What happens when debriefing will cause more harm than deception?

  • Important to be clear with debriefing procedure

Confidentiality

• How to keep identity of participants and family members private?

• Anonymity: “name” is not directly associated with the information obtained from the participants

Inducements

• anything that persuades people to participate

• important fairly to compensate participants

Fabrication

• this is avoidance of false or deceptive statements

• Do not make false, deceptive, or fraudulent statements

• If significant errors are discovered, take reasonable steps to correct such errors

Plagiarism

• Psychologist do not present portions of another’s work or data as their own, even if the work or data source is cited occasionally

Errors

• honest mistakes

• unintentional

Fraud

• explicit effort to falsify or misrepresent data

How to avoid

• engage in peer review, reviewer critically scrutinize every aspect of the research

Plagiarism

• this is an academic crime and is punishable

• Guidelines to prevent this:

  • Do not copy paste

  • take complete notes and citations

  • always check draft

  • properly cite: include in text citations and a reference list

  • Use APA 7th ed

Steps to Effective Paraphrasing

1. Read and reread the original material until you understand its full meaning.

2 Set the original material aside.

3. Write your paraphrase on a note card (or research notebook). Use your own words.

4. Helpful tips on your notecard:

• A few words on how you will use the passage (paraphrase)

• Keyword or phrase to indicate the subject of the paraphrase (top of notecard)

5. Check that you accurately express all the essential information in a new form

6. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or

Ethical Governance in Traditional Research Settings

• PAP Code of Ethics

New Ethics for new setting

• Internet search- this requires separate or additional treatment

• Regulated the same as with other areas in academic research (Ethics Board, Ethics Committee, Professional Association Guidelines)

Sensitivity to Context

• respecting people’s value or expectations in different settings

B/Vloggers

• aim is to disseminate the b/vloggers views