u4aos1 global health and human develop

what is meant by a developed country?

developed countries are considered to have high economic development, including a range of industries, trading on the global market, higher average incomes and are not solely reliant on primary production such as mining or farming

what is meant by primary production?

the process of producing natural products for human use

what is meant by a developing country?

developing countries have a low level of economic development and rely largely on primary production and subsistence farming

what is meant by subsistence farming?

self-sufficient farming carried out by individuals to provide food for themselves and their families

why is developed/ developing classification no longer used?

This system of classification is outdated because it is subjected and an agreement could not be made on the specific criteria to classify a country as developed or developing

what form of classification is now used?

a more modern system of classifying countries was developed by the World Bank and uses a country's Gross National Income (GNI) to classify countries into 3 main groups

1. low income

2. middle income (upper and lower middle)

3. high income

what is gross national income (GNI)?

the total value of goods and services a country's citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working overseas

what is meant by gross domestic product (GDP)?

a measure that reflects the economic state of a country; that is, the value of all goods and services produced in a country in a 12-month period

- similar to GNI per capita, but is not adjusted to take into account the income earned by foreign citixens or citizens working in other countries

- GNI per capita is being used more as an accurate indicator of a country's average income

what is PPP?

refers to purchasing power parity

- those in extreme poverty often live off of less than PPP $2.15 per day

what are the economic characteristics of low-income countries?

1. a larger proportion of their population are living in poverty (less than PPP $2.15 per day)

2. they have a limited range of industires, typically centred around farming and primary production

3. they lack infrastrucutre, knowledge, and production capabilities to produce goods and services to trade on a global scale, preventing economic growth and lowering average incomes

what are the economic characters of middle-income countries?

1. reflect aspects of both low and high income countries in relation to trading

2. experiencing increasing trade opportunities and growing economies

3. they are in the process of building infrastructure and developing trading links around the world

what are the economic characters of high-income countries?

- lower levels of poverty

- wider range of industires including mining, education and scientific research

- greater opportunitie for global trade

- higher average incomes

what are the social characteristics of low, middle and high income countries?

- gender equality

- birth and population rates

- education and employment rates

- social security system

- health system

- access to technology

- legal system

what is meant by gender equality?

when males and females have equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities

compare gender equality between each income country

high-income countries: both females and males have equal opportunities and choices in education, employment, community participation, family planning and recreation

middle income countries: they are experiencing greater levels of gender equality as more women in paid employment are helping to reduce poverty and contribute to the country's productivity and economy

low- income countries:

females do not have the same opportunities as males. females may have limited opportunities for education and often work in fields tending to crops or preparing meals

compare birth and population rates between each income country

access to contraception, education, gender equality and culture contribute to the difference in birth rates and population growth

high income countries: high income countries experience low birth rates and slow population growth

low/ middle-income countries

- high birth rates in low- and middle- countries can limit the ability for parents to care for all of their children and provide them with the resources required to live a healthy life

- high population growth can limit the ability for the government to provide servicies to its citixens such as education, health services and social security

compare education and employment levels between each income country

high-income countries:

- people often have choices about their level of education and the type of career they pursue

- the government contributes significant funds to provide education opportunities

middle income:

- the government contributes significant funds to provide education opportunities but not everyone may have access

low income countries

- do not have developed education systems so career options are limited

- families often have to pay to have their children attend school

compare social security systems between each income country

hig income:

high levels of economic development and relatively stable political systems increases the ability for governments in high-income countries to provide social security payments for those in need

low/ middle income

- these countries often do not have the means to provide assistance to their citizens and those who are unemploymed or unable to work are driven further into poverty

compare health systems between each income country

high income countries have public health systems that allow access to basic health care resources and services when people need it, regardless of their ability to pay

low/ middle income countries often lack access to suitable health care

compare access to technology between each income country

high-income:

- technology is more accessible in high income countries due to a combination of economic resources, infrastructure and education, allowing access to communication systems, the internet, and medical technologies

low-income

- these countires often lack access to technoogy, impacting the ability for citizzens to gain education and earn an income

compare legal systems between each income country

high income countries experience strong political and legal systems that ensure that human rights are protected (i.e. right to an education)

low income countires generally have unstable governments and political unrest which increases the risk of civil conflict

what are the environmental characteristics of low, middle and high income countries?

Always Fat And Always Lazy

- access to safe and clean water

- food security

- adeuqate housing

- adequate infrastructure

- levels of CO2 emissions

compare access to safe water and sanitation between each income country

access to safe and clean water and sanitation is a characteristic of many high and middle income countries

compare food security between each income country

high-income countries

- have access to a quality food supply

low income countries

- lack food security

- natural disasters such as floods and droughts tend to have a more pronounced impact on the avaliability of food in low income countries as they do not have the financial resources to purchase food in emergency situations

compare adequate housing between each income country

middle and low income countries have a lack of access to adeuqate housing

- often live in substandard housing with poor ventilation, lack of heating and cooling, and poor resistance to infestations of disease carrying organisms

- urban slums are common

what are urban slums?

a settlement, neighbourhood, or region comprised of housing that does not provide essential conditions required to live a heathy life

compare adequate infrastructure between each income country

high income countries usally have access to adeuqate roads and transport systems, piped water, sewerage systems, electricity grids and telecommunicatin systems

low inome

- often lack adequate facilities, especially in rural and remote areas and urban slums

compare emission levels between each income country

hgih income

- due to a high range in industries, these countries often emit high amounts of carbo duoxide per person into the atmosphere

low income countries are most impacted by climate change because they lack the economic resources to effectively deal with the associated impacts

what is meant by human development?

involves creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creating lives according to their needs and interests

it involves expanding people's choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living and participating in the life of the community and the decisions that affect their lives.

why is GNI not an accurate measure to use?

the GNI per capita of a country is based on an average and because wealth is not distributed equally, not everyone experiences the same quality of life due to inequalities

what are the aspects of human development?

human development is about creating an environment in which people can

- develop to their full potential

- lead productive and creative lives according to their needs and interests

- participare in the lives of their community

- participate in the decisions affecting their lives

- expand their choices

- enhance their capabilities

- have access to knowledge

- have access to health

- enjoy a decent standard of living

what is meant by develop to their full potential?

when individuals can fulfil their physica, social, intellectual and/ or economic potentials

what is meant by lead productive and creative lives in accordance with their needs and interests?

being free of disease and illness to allow people to lead productive lives based on their needs and interests

what is meant by participate in the lives of the community?

involves playing a role in the community

i.e volunteering or employment

what is meant by participate in the decisions affecting one's life?

involves individuals making their own decisions with autonomy and control

what is meant by expand and have choices

refers to accounting for the variety of choices avaliable to an individual

what is meant by enhance their capabilities?

developing ones capabilities through education

what is meant by have access to knowledge?

having the opportunity to gain knowledge and an education

what is meant by access to health?

being able to access equitable healthcare services or the provision of health relayted resources

what is meant by a decent standard of living?

being able to earn/ attain a stable and adequate income to access necessary health promoting resources

i.e. food, shelter

what is the Human Development Index (HDI)?

a tool developed by the UN that measures and ranks countries levels of social and economic development

- it provides a single statistic based on 3 dimensions (a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable, and a decent standard of living) and 4 indicators (life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and GNI)

what is meant by life expectancy at birth?

the number of years of life on average remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change

what is meant by mean years of schooling?

the average number of years of formal education achieved by those aged 25 years and older

what is meant by expected years of schooling?

the number of years of formal education expected for a child of school entrance age

how is the HDI read?

the HDI index is a number between 0-1

- the higher a country's score is to 1, the greater the level of human development experienced

which indicators reflect the dimensions of HDI?

long and healthy life

- life expectancy at birth

being knowledgeable

- mean years of schooling

- expected years of schooling

decent standard of living

- GNI

-

AKA - L - MEG

what are the advantages of the HDI?

- takes more than just average income into account, so it provides a more comprehensive representation of the level of human development experienced

- the HDI index is a composite statistic and provides a single statistic relating to 3 dimensions and 4 indicators, making comparisons easier

- useful for analysing the overall progress achieved overtime

- the HDI puts human development on the politcal agenda and eccourages governments to work towards improving resources to improve human development

what are the limitations of the HDI?

1. The HDI only reflects selected aspects of human development and therefore does not capture the depth of human development like gender eqaulity, freedom of speech etc

2. based on averages and therefore does not provide an indication of the inequalities that exist within countries

3. no survey data is collected for the HDI, so peoples feelings about their lives and the issues facing communtiies are not reflected

4. not all countries around the world receive a ranking

what are the factors that contribute to the similarities and differences in health status and human development?

access to safe water

sanitation

poverty

discrimination

what is meant by safe/ clean water?

refers to water that is not contaminated with disease-carrying pathogens such as bacteria or viruses or chemicals such as lead and mercury

why is safe water needed?

1. consumption: water is a significant component of many body tissues and is essential for the optimal functioning of cells in the body

2. food preparation and cooking: clean water is essential to wash food products and to remove harmful pathogens that could otherwise lead to illness

3. washing and hygiene: clean water is required to maintain high levels of personal hygiene and prevents infections through handwashing, bathing and showering

4. agriculture and production: clean water is required for the production of foods and other products such as clothing and electricity

how does water impact high income countries?

high income countries have well-established and reliable water supplies

- interruptions to supply water sometimes occur in remote Indigenous communities or as a result of natural disasters

- however, emergency provisons can be supplied when clean water is not avaliable

how does water impact low and middle income countries?

people in low and middle income countries are at a greater risk of the effects of unsafe water because they are less likely to have the infrastructure to supply clean drinking water effectively

- the governments of these countires often lack strict controls on water quality and monitoring, or the money to provide clean water to those who need it

how does the lack of access to safe water impact health status?

1. diseases, including diarrhoea and cholera, are waterborne and can be easily transmitted from the water source to the individual

2. children are particularly susceptible to the impacts of unsafe water because they are more likely to experience repeated infections and account for a high proportion of total deaths from water-related causes

3. when clean water is not readily avaliable, individuals have to trek long distances to collect water, leading to musculoskeletal conditions

how does safe water affect human development (education)?

lack of access to water can contribute to missed school days due to time spent in ill health or time collecting water

- this reduces levels of education for children to enhance their choices and capabilities in relation to future employment

- this impacts the potential to earn an income to access the resources required for a decent standard of living

- contributes to a cycle of poverty

how does safe water affect human development (collection of water)?

when clean water is not accessible, individuals have to trek long distances to collect water

- this reduces the capacity to particiapte in the life of th ecommunity by pursuing education or paid emplioyment

- this imapcts the economy and reduces the governments capacity to provide resources required for a decent standard of living

what is meant by sanitation?

sanitation refers to the provisons of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, and the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collections and wastewater disposal

how does inadequate sanitation impact health status?

inadequate sanitation is the main cause of contaminated water in low and middle income countries

- increased daly for cholera, diarrhoea, typhoid

how does inadequate sanitation impact human development

because few schools in low and middle income countries have adequate toilet faciltiies, many girls do not go

- many cultures expect girls to wait until its dark to relieve themselves, putting them are greater risk of assault, harrassment or animal attacks

- contributes to poorer access to knowledge.

what is extreme poverty versus relative poverty?

extreme poverty:

those living under PPP$2.15 per day

relative poverty: those who are living under 50% of the country's average income

what is the importance of GNI?

the levels of GNI per capita affects the governments ability to provide access to clean water, sanitation, health services, public education and social protection measures

- the more money the government generates through taxation and investments, the greater the opportunities they have to provide these resources to its citizens

how is GNI linked to poverty?

the GNI of a country does not determine how wealth is distributed

- however, it is common for people to hold most of the wealth, leaving the majority of the country with living standards well below the wealthy

- this divide in wealth means that low- and middle-income countries experience the concerns associated with poverty, such as high rates of communicable diseases

what is poverty?

refers to deprivation often due to a lack of income, presenting a lack of access to material resources (i.e. food) and deprivation of intangible resources (social inclusion)

what can poverty prevent access to?

no cats every help anyways

1. nutrtious food

2. clean water and sanitation

3. education

4. health services

5. adequate housing

what is the impact of poverty on nutritious food?

undernutrition is often the result of an inability to afford nutritious food

- undernutrition can reduce immune system functioning, increasing the risk of infection and premature death

- undernutrition can lead to lower levels of energy, reducing people's' ability to participate in activities they enjoy, which means they are unable to live according to their needs and wants

what is the impact of poverty on access to clean water and sanitation?

poverty restricts the governments ability to provide resources such as clean water and sanitation

- this increases the risk of infectious diseases such as cholera

what is the impact of poverty on education?

reduced access to education reduces literary levels

- reduces employment opportunities, perpetuating the cycle of poverty and the associated impacts such as limited access to foods

- in low and middle income countries, many governments to not havw the funds avaliable to provide education for thier people, reducing access to knowledge, and limting employment prospects

what is the impact of poverty on healthcare?

medicare and the pbs ensures that all australians have access to a range of health professionals and services at an affordable price

- few countries have access to universal healthcare schemes like medicare, so only those who can afford to pay for health services can receive treatment

- children are more likely to die from conditions that can be easily treated in high income countries, reducing their ability to lead long and healthy lives

what is the impact of poverty on housing?

in many low and middle income countries, poverty means that many people live in inadequate housing

- cooking indoors without proper ventilation contributes to indoor air pollution, increasing the risk of pneumonia and lung cancer

people in high income countries generally rely on cleaner methods of energy production and therefore experience lower levels of disease and illness due to indoor air pollution, allowing them to lead long and healthy lives

- adequate housing can reduce the risk of infectious diseases such as malaria by reducing the exposure to mosquitoes which low income countries oftten lack

what is discrimination?

when a person or group of people are treated differently based on their race, religion, sex, sexual orientation or gender identity

what is the effect of race on health status?

indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities are two groups that are often discriminated against

- they may experience higher rates of illness and disability and have lower life expectancies than other groups living in the same country

- discrimination, racism and a lack of cultural understanding and sensivity can prevent access to healthcare

- many health systems do not reflect the social and cultural practices and beliefs of Indigenous people -> conditions going untreated

what is the effect of race on human development?

racial discrimination -> social exclusion -> prevents people from participating in the life of their community in relation to education/ employment

racial discrimination -> social or political isolation -> unable to live according to needs and interests

how can religion lead to discrimination?

countries with more pronounced religious majorities may discriminate against religious minorities

what is the effect of religion on health status?

can contribute to increased rates of

- anxiety

- depression

- tobacco use/ alcohol misuse

what is the effect of religion on human development?

relgious discrimination can lead to an inabiltiy for people to recognise thier human rights -> limits participation in the lives of the community -> prevents participation in employment opportunities

what is meant by sex?

refers to the physiological characteristics, including DNA and sex organs, present in an individual at birth

what is forced marriage?

when one or both of the parties are married against his or her will

- considered a iolation of human rights and can be viewed as a form of slavery

- when girls are forced into marriage, they are often withdrawn from school and regularly become pregnant before their bodies are adequately developed

- child brides are less likely to be educated and more likely to live in poverty, reducing the ability for girls to live according to their needs and interests

what is female genital mutilation?

procedures that intentionally alter or cause harm to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons

- FMG can cause severe pain, excessive bleeding (haemorrhage), infections, shock, psycholgoical problems or death

what is obstetric fistula?

caused by prolonged obstructed labour where a female will spend days in labour without any medical help or pain relief

- can cause women to develop UTI's

what is the effect of sex on health status?

1. it is more socially acceptable for men to have more than 1 sexual partner -> increase risk of AIDS (HIV) due to unprocted sex

2. women may be fed last or not receive enough nutrients -> malnutrition

3. FMG

what is the effect of sex on human development?

1. men are more likely to be the sole decision maker -> impacts ability to make decisions affecting their life

2. politcal excluded -> unable to live according to needs and interests

what is meant by sexual orientation?

describes the sex that an individual is romantically and sexually attracted to

what is the effect of sexual orientation on health status?

those who are not heterosexual may be subjected to discrimination -> increased risk of physical/ sexual assault -> injuries

what is the effect of sexual orientation on human development?

1. refused job opportuntiies

2. refused education opportutines

3. refused health care

what is meant by gender identity?

describes how an individual perceives themselves as male, female, a blend of both or neither

what is the effect of gender identity on health status?

those who are transgender or non conformity may be subjected to discrimination -> increase risk of mental disorder/ physical assault/ self-harm (suicide)

what is the effect of gender identity on human development?

1. verbal or physical abuse -> feelings of worthlessness -> decreases ability for people to live according to needs and interests

2. being denied access to education -> decreases ability to access knowledge -> people are unable to enhance their capabilities

what is meant by sustainability?

defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability for future generations to meet their own needs

- involves meeting todays needs and planning for the country's growth without creating problems or depleting resources for future generations

what are the 3 pillars of sustainability?

economic

social

environmental

what is meant by economic sustainability?

ensuring that the average incomes in all countries are adeuqate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and the living costs in the future

- it is about using resources efficiently so that economic growth continues overtime

- it includes creating opportunities for employment and job security, as well as achieving financial security for individuals, families, communities and nations

- contributes to the eradication of poverty and ensures that individuals, families, communities and nations have the resources necessary to promote health and wellbeing

what are ways economic sustainability can promote health and human development?

1. by ensuring that all people can earn a decent income -> allows people to purchase health promoting resources including food, shelter, education and basic health care

2. by increasing the capacity for the government to provide serves and infrastrucure -> increases access to safe water and sanitation, transport systems and education

3. by ensuring that children stay in school

-> children are not forced into labour and can gain an education

what are considerations for achieving economic sustainability?

Is Jackson Even Toxic

Innovation and diversity of industries

Job security

Economic growth

Trade

what is the importance of innovation and diversity of industries?

countries require a range of industries to promote economic growth and stability

- a range of countries is required to ensure that interruptions to specific industries (such as droughts for the agricultural country) will not cause economic catastrophe within a country

- new and innovative industries must be developed to ensure that the average incomes are maintained and improved for the next generation

what is the importance of job creation?

- adequate job opportunities is a vital component of economic sustainability as people can earn an income, avoid poverty and contribute to their country's ecnomy

- economic sustainability will mean that more jobs are required to ensure that all people of working age have the opportunitiy to work

what is the importance of economic growth?

ensuring economic sustainability requires sustained GNI per capita to counter the impacts of inflation and to ensure that governments can continue to provide services, infrastructure and development relating to industry

what is the importance of trade?

producers in low and middle income countries must be able to trade their goods on the global market to increase their incomes and to assist in growing their country's economy

- unfair trade prevents poorer countries from adding value to their exports

- low and middle income countries often lack the processing capabilities to turn their raw materials into something more valuable

what is the importance of fair trade?

about achieving greater opportunities for international trade, decent working conditions and fair prices for producers in low-and middle-income countries

- those in low and middle income countries have more opportunities to recieve fair price on their products, reducing poverty and allowing for a more equal spread of wealth

what is meant by social sustainability?

about ensuring an equitable society in which all people have access to social resources today and into the future

what is the aim of social sustainability?

to ensure that all people

1. have their human rights protected and upheld

2. can participate in the society in which they live in, including establishing and maintaining community connections

3. can participate in the decisions that affect their lives, including politcal empowerment

4. experience equal access to social resources such as education and healthcare