Large intestine

M3O24. The ___ serves as a reservoir for the residues of meals that cannot be digested or absorbed.

large intestine

M3O24. Motility is (fast/slow) in the large intestine.

slow

M3O24. restricts the flow of chyme from the small intestine → colon and prevents colonic bacteria from invading the ileum.

ileocecal valve

M3O24. Longitudinal muscle forms 3 discontinuous bands called _.

tenia coli

M3O24. Circular muscle forms outpouchings called .

Haustra

M3O24. Does the large intestine have villi?

No

M3O24. is large coordinated peristaltic contractions that compress chyme into feces.

Mass movement

M3O24. Movement of the feces into the rectum stimulates the __ reflex.

defecation

M3O24. _ separates the small intestine from the large intestine.

Ileocecal sphincter

M3O24. tonically contracted, controlled by PNS. Relaxes when rectum is distended.

Internal anal sphincter

M3O24. _ __ is skeletal muscle under voluntary control. Increased rectal pressure increases its relaxation

External anal sphincter

M3O25. The hepatocytes of the liver are organized into irregular hexagonal units called .

lobules

M3O25. What are liver cells called?

hepatocytes

M3O25. is centered around a central vein that drains blood into the hepatic vein.

lobule

M3O25. These vessels branch among the hepatocytes, forming into ___ which the blood flows.

sinusoids

M3O25. What are the 4 cells that comprise the lobule?

1. hepatocytes
2. endothelial cells
3. kupffer cells
4. lipocytes

M3O25. secretory epithelial cells.

Hepatocytes

M3O25. line vascular channels and sinusoids (specialized capillaries)

endothelial cells

M3O25. phagocytic macrophages that are fixed within sinusoidal vascular space.

kupffer cells

M3O25. fat-storing cells found in perisinusoidal space.

lipocytes

M3O25. takes bile made in the liver to the gall bladder for storage.

Common hepatic duct

M3O25. takes bile from the gall bladder → lumen of the small intestine.

Common bile duct

M3O25. controls release of bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum.

Sphincter of Oddi

M3O25. small channels into which bile is secreted. They merge into bile ductules that run through the liver alongside the portal veins.

Bile canaliculi

M3O25. What organ is more important for the digestion of proteins?

Pancreas

M3O25. What organ is more important for the metabolism of proteins?

Liver

M3O25. Most of the liver volume is made up of?

hepatocytes

M3O26. What are the 6 key functions of the liver?

1. Detox

2. cellular metabolism

3. secretion of bile

4. plasma protein factory

5. excretory function

6. storage

M3O26. What are the 3 examples of Metabolic Detoxification of compounds?

1. hormones
2. neurotransmitters
3. medications

M3O26. What are the 5 examples of Cellular metabolism functions?

1. gluconeogenesis
2. glycolysis
3. glycogenesis
4. fatty acid oxidation
5. cholesterol synthesis

M3O26. What is an example of the secretion of bile?

fat digestion

M3O26. What are 2 examples of plasma protein factory?

1. prohormone synthesis
2. secretion

M3O26. What is an example of the excretory function of the liver?

elimination of waste products that include urea, oxidized drugs, blood pigments (bilirubin)

M3O26. What are 3 examples of storage?

1. ferritin
2. Vitamins
3. glycogen (glucose storage)

M3O27. Brings oxygenated blood containing metabolites from peripheral tissues to the liver.

Hepatic artery

M3O27. Blood is rich in absorbed nutrients from the GI tract and contains hemoglobin breakdown products from the spleen.

Hepatic portal vein

M3O27. Blood leaves the liver in the .

Hepatic vein

M3O27. Blood flow heart to liver

Hepatic artery

M3O27. Blood leaves GI tract with nutrients.

Hepatic portal vein

M3O27. Blood flow liver to heart.

Hepatic vein

M3O27. Carries metabolites and drugs from peripheral tissues.

Hepatic artery

M3O27. Carries metabolites to peripheral tissues.

Hepatic vein

M3O27. Move metabolites and drugs from peripheral tissues to the liver.

Hepatic artery

M3O27. Move metabolites from the liver to the peripheral tissues.

Hepatic vein

M3O28. What are the 2 functions of bile?

1. Surfactant that aids in fat digestion by emulsification
2. Excretory route for many compounds not excreted by kidney

M3O28. What is the active ingredient in bile?

bile salts

M3O28. What is the function of the gall bladder?

concentrates bile produced by liver

M3O29. What are the 6 diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?

1. Elevated IgG
2. Elevated C-Reactive Protein
3. Elevated Sedimentation Rate-Westergren
4. WBC in stool
5. Elevated fecal calprotectin
6. Hyperactive bowel sounds

M3O28. PNS __ (activates/inhibits) gall bladder contraction and secretion of bile into duodenum.

activates

M3O28. SNS _ (activates/inhibits) bile secretion.

inhibits

M3O28. __ increases secretion of bicarbonate solution from hepatocytes and cholangiocytes.

Secretin

M3O28. _ induces gall bladder contraction.

CCK

M3O29. What are the 7 signs and symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?

1. Diarrhea
2. Nausea
3. Joint pain
4. Mouth sores
5. Abdominal pain
6. Urgency
7. Gas and gurgling in the abdomen

M3O29. What 3 populations are at risk for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?

1. family history of autoimmune disease
2. age
3. race

M3O29. The (old/young) are more at risk for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD).

young

M3O29. What race is more at risk for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?

Caucasians

M3O29. What organs of the GI tract are involved with Crohn's Disease?

1. mouth
2. esophagus
3. stomach
4. small intestine
5. large intestine
6. rectum

M3O29. What are the organs of the GI tract involved with Ulcerative Colitis?

large intestine

M3O29. What drug is used for both Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis but is used to target different parts of the GI tract?

Mesalamine

M3O30. What is used to diagnose Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?

normal lab values with GI discomfort

M3O30. What are the 5 signs and symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?

1. Hyperactive bowel sounds
2. Mild tenderness to palpation in the left lower quadrant
3. Bloating and with or without distention
4. Diarrhea
5. Constipation

M3O30. What populations are at risk for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

young adult women

M3O30. What are the 4 treatment strategies for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) excluding medications?

1. low FODMAP foods from the list
2. reducing fatty meats
3. allergy tested for food allergies
4. tested for lactose intolerance

M3O30. __ is an antibiotic to treat small intestinal overgrowth of bacteria (SIBO) and allow higher tolerance to high FODMAP foods.

Rifaximin

M3O30. ___ treats diarrhea by reducing contraction of both circular and longitudinal motility and reducing contraction of myenteric plexus nerve activation of the GI smooth muscle.

Loperamide

M3O30. How long must a patient have symptoms to be diagnosed with IBS?

at least 1 day per week over the past 3 months