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Religion

Cultural system or organization of behavior, practices, world views, sacred texts and places, and ethical system that build connection between humanity and the supernatural or the transcendent.

Religare

Cicero's etymology for religion (most accepted)

Religare

"to bind"

Grouped together

Another meaning of "Religare"

To read or go through again in speech or thought

Alternative etymology of religion (Relegere)

Rudolf Otto

Author of "The Idea of the Holy" (1917) who argued religion grows out of the experience of the holy.

Paul Tillich

Believed religion is the state of being grasped by an ultimate concern.

Immanuel Kant

Stated "Religion is the recognition of all our duties as divine commands."

Cosmological Dimension

Religion answers big questions about the universe (e.g., creation story).

Soteriological Dimension

Religion provides an answer to the problem of destination after death (salvation).

Anthropological Dimension

Religion empowers people to transcend human experience and negotiate the incomprehensible ("mystery in religion").

Symbolic Dimension

Uses symbols and rituals (e.g., matrimony) to physically express ideas and remind of the holy.

Moral Dimension

All religions have a sense of a right way to live, but each has different moral views (e.g., divorce, polygamy).

Organizational Dimension

All religions have a sense of authority with religious leaders (e.g., Imam, Pope, Rabbi).

Theological Dimension

Defines religion by introducing the existence and nature of a supreme being (e.g., Allah, Brahman).

Religious Experience

Personal experience from a supreme being with strict adherence to a particular belief.

William James

Described religious experience as a transformation.

Rudolf Otto

Provided a warning to his readers that such experiences are not automatic to everyone.

Spirituality

Engaging, discovering, and understanding the self.

Michael Downey

Described spirituality as the depth of human existence and understanding your identity.

Maslow

Connected spirituality to self-actualization.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery

Author of "The Little Prince" who said, "what is essential is invisible to the naked eye."

Joann Wolski Conn

Defined spirituality as "the capacity for self-transcendence."

Bernard McGinn

Called spirituality an important element in human nature and experience.

Ewert Cousins

Stated "spirituality is the inner dimension of the person wherein the ultimate reality is experienced."

John Macquarrie

Defined spirituality as "becoming a person in the fullest sense."

Edward Kinerk

Defined spirituality as an expression of the movement from the inauthentic self to the authentic self.

Raimundo Panikkar

Defined spirituality as "a typical way of handling the human condition."

Sandra Schneiders

Described spirituality as the actualization of the human spirit and striving for self-transcendence.

Evelyn Underhill

Argued that humans are vision-creating beings with a capacity for self-transcendence.

Sheldrake

Argued that human desires lead to spiritual fulfillment.

Poonen

Stated "religiosity is human, the spirituality is divine."

TRUE

Concept: Religion is Objective

TRUE

Concept: Spirituality is Subjective

TRUE

Concept: Religion is Communal

TRUE

Concept: Spirituality is Personal

TRUE

Concept: Faith is about believing things you cannot confirm

FALSE

Concept: All religions have a Soteriological Dimension

TRUE

Concept: Hinduism subscribes to reincarnation

TRUE

Concept: Buddhism subscribes to rebirth

FALSE

Concept: Christianity allows divorce

TRUE

Concept: Judaism allows divorce

TRUE

Concept: Islam allows polygamy

TRUE

Concept: The Pope represents God on Earth

FALSE

Concept: The Pope is the supreme leader in Eastern Orthodoxy

Imam

The leader of Muslims

Monk

The leader of Buddhists

Rabbi

The leader of Jews

Pope

The leader of Christians

Allah

The term for God in Islam

Adonai (Lord in Hebrew)

The term for God in Judaism

Brahman

The term for the supreme being in Hinduism

Siddhartha Gautama

The founder of Buddhism

TRUE

Concept: "Balikan"/"Ulitin" (Relegere)

The Trinity

one of the examples of"Mystery in Christianity"

TRUE

Concept: Di lahat ng religious, spiritual