unit 2 aos 1 social cognition

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52 Terms

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social cognition

how we make sense of our social world by interpreting, analysing, remembering and using information to make judgement about others in different social situations

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the halo effect

the tendency of one particular trait or our overall positive impression to influence our judgement of their other traits

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salience detection

any characteristic that is distinctive, prominent or noticeable in its context and attracts attention

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social categorisation

process of classifying people into different groups on the basis of common characteristics

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ingroup

a social group with which an individual identifies and feels a sense of belonging

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outgroup

any group that an individual does not identify with or belong to

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attribution

an evaluation made about the causes of behaviour

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internal attribution

tendency to explain someone's behavior by attributing it to their inherent qualities, such as personality traits, abilities, or effort, rather than situational factors

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external attribution

tendency to explain someone's behavior or an event by attributing it to external factors or situational influences, rather than to their personality or internal characteristics

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fundamental attribution error

tendency to explain other people’s behaviour in terms of internal factors while ignoring possible external factors

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actor observer bias

tendency to attribute our own behaviour to external factors yet attribute others to internal factors

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self serving bias

take credit for our successes and deny responsibility for failure which is blamed on external factors

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process of attributions

  1. observation of an outward act of behaviour

  2. conscious determination of the behaviour

  3. attribute what causes the behaviour

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attitudes

an evaluation of something, such as a person, object, event or idea

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tri component model

  • affective → our emotions and intuitive feelings towards something

  • behavioural → outward and observable actions that reflect our point of view about something

  • cognitive → thoughts and beliefs towards something

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limitations of tri component model

sometimes a person’s behaviour does not or cannot reflect their attitudes

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cognitive dissonance

occurances when our thoughts, feelings and behaviour do not align with one another

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how can cognitive dissonance be avoided

  • changing thoughts to align with behaviour

  • changing behaviour to align with thoughts

  • the use of cognitive bias

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cognitive bias

unconscious, systematic tendencies to interpret information in a way that is neither rational nor based on objective reality

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confirmation bias

search for accept information that supports prior beliefs and ignore contradictory information

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false consensus bias

overestimate the degree to which other people share the same ideas as you

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stereotypes

widely held belief and generalisation about a group, such as people, animals or objects

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heuristics

information processing strategies or ‘mental shortcuts’ that enable individuals to form judgements, make decisions and solve problems quickly and efficiently

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anchoring

forming judgements based on the first information received about an idea or concept

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availability

make judgement based on information that is easily accessible (past experience, first thing to come to mind)

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representative

make a categorical judgement about an idea, event or person based on their similarity to other items in that category

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affect

uses emotions in a decision or judgement

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prejudice

a negative preconception held against people within a certain group or social category

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how to reduce prejudice

  • intergroup contact

  • contact hypothesis

  • mutual interdependence

  • superordinate goals

  • cognitive interventions

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intergroup contact

increasing the contact between two groups which are prejudiced against each other

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contact hypothesis

certain types of contact between members of different groups can reduce the prejudice between them

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mutual interdependence

two groups which are prejudiced against one another are put in a contact situation where they must rely on each other

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superordinate goals

a goal that cannot be achieved by any one group alone and overrides other existing goals the individual groups may have

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cognitive interventions

changing the way someone thinks about prejudice

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discrimination

unjust treatment of people due to their membership within a certain social category

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direct discrimination

when someone is treated unfairly because of their membership to a group

  • being paid less because you are female

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indirect discrimination

when a practice or rule applies to all people but disadvantages a certain group

  • making everyone take off head scarves/hats including those who wear hijabs

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effect of discrimination

increases changes of physical, psychological and social disadvantage

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stigma

the feeling of shame or disgrace experienced by an individual for a characteristic that differentiates them from others

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social stigma

negative stereotypes used to define people and prevent them from being seen as individuals

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self stigma

where a person internalises negative stereotypes

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social group

two or more people who interact and influence each other and share a common objective

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obedience

change in behavior that occurs in response to a direct order from an authority figure

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factors impacting obedience

  • legitimacy of authority figures

  • proximity

  • group pressure

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status

the importance of an individual’s position in a group as perceived by other members of this group

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power

an individual’s ability to control or influence another person even when they try to resist

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reward power

controls positive rewards for a specific behaviour

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coercive power

controls punishments

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legitimate power

right to require and demand obedience of others

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referent power

power through the respect of others

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expert power

has superior abilities

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informational power

access to informational resources that are not available elsewhere