Practice (MAP)

department (n)

a part of an organization such as a school, business, or government that deals with a ptcl area of study or work

body cavity

a fluid-containing space between the digestive tract and the body wall.

digestive tract organs

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

puncture (n, v)

(n.) a small hole made by a sharp object

(v.) to make such a hole, pierce

safeguard (n,v)

some measure that individuals or organizations take to block the threat from obtaining the asset

interpretation (n)

the action of explaining the meaning of something

sophomore (n)

a second-year undergraduate

punitive (a)

1. intended as a punishment: ____ damages

2. used to describe costs that are so high they are difficult to pay: ___ import duties/tariffs

stringent (a)

strict, severe

curb (v)

to control or limit something, especially something bad

social blight (n)

the deterioration of a community caused by neglect, disinvestment, and abandonment

urban decay/rot/death/blight (n)

situation in which a city area has fallen into a state of disrepair through its people leaving the area or not having enough resources to look after them

civic virtue (n)

the democratic ideas, practices, and values that are at the heart of citizenship in a free society

stunted growth

inadequate growth in childhood as measured by low height and weight for age

frigid temperature

very cold in temperature

centrepiece (n)

the most important, noticeable, or attractive part of something

moralize (v)

comment on issues of right and wrong, typically with an unfounded air of superiority

ardent (a)

very enthusiastic, impassioned

• ____ followers/supporters

falsehood (n)

a false statement; a lie

contemptuous (a)

showing contempt; scornful

invincible (a)

not able to be defeated, unbeatable

culminate in/into sth

to end with an event, having developed until it reached this point

to constitute sth

to make up the parts of; to compose

precondition (n)

a condition that must be fulfilled before other things can happen or be done.

condemn (v)

to express strong disapproval of; denounce

perpetuation (n)

the act of prolonging or causing to exist indefinitely

integrity (n)

(n.) honesty, high moral standards; an unimpaired condition, completeness, soundness

prevailing (a)

existing at a particular time; current.

overturn (v)

1. to turn upside down or on its side

2. to officially decide that a legal decision etc. is not correct, and to make it no longer valid

dwindle (v)

diminish gradually in size, amount, or strength

subside (v)

become less intense, violent, or severe

proliferate (v)

to reproduce, increase, or spread rapidly

defy (v)

openly resist or refuse to obey

disperse (v)

distribute or spread over a wide area

recede (v)

(v.) to go or move backward; to become more distant

oscillate (v)

(v.) to swing back and forth with a steady rhythm; to fluctuate or waver

deviation (n)

departure or wandering away from the accepted standard

irregularity (a)

unforeseen circumstances causing random deviations.

precipitate (n)

to make something happen suddenly or sooner than expected

trajectory (n)

the path followed by an object moving through space

municipal (a)

relating to a city, town, village, or the like with local self-government

ballot (a)

a process of voting, in writing and typically in secret.

datacenter (n)

any facility composed of networked computers and storage used to organize, process, store, and disseminate large amounts of data

jurisdiction (n)

• an area of authority or control

• the right to administer justice

moratorium (n)

a suspension of activity; an authorized delay

vanguard (n)

the foremost part of an army; the leading position in any field

suffrage (n)

the right to vote in political elections

a landslide victory

a win by a very large amount in an election

grassroots (n)

• the most basic level of an activity or organization

• ordinary people regarded as the main body of an organization's membership

ignite (v)

cause to start burning

acute (a)

sharp; shrewd

ramification (n)

a development or consequence resulting from a course of action

a course of sth

during the often gradual development of something

expenditure (n)

an expense; the amount needed to be paid out

to win by a landslide

to get almost all of the votes

a crushing defeat

loss that has disastrous results

intrusive (a)

causing disruption or annoyance through being unwelcome or uninvited.

igneous rock

rock formed from cooled magma or lava

proximity (n)

(n.) nearness, closeness

envision (v)

to imagine; to foresee

retract (v)

to draw back; to withdraw; to take back

anti-business (a)

antagonistic, or opposed to commercial enterprises and free markets, particularly large-scale corporations

interdict (v)

an official instruction from a law court telling someone that they are not allowed to do something

populace (n)

the general public; the population

staunchly (adv)

in a very loyal and committed manner, faithfully

populous (a)

full of people; filled to capacity; densely populated; having a large population

backlash (n)

an adverse reaction to some political or social occurrence

resolve (n)

determination, firmness of purpose

leverage (v)

the use of borrowed money to supplement existing funds for purposes of investment

electoral (a)

of or relating to elections or electors

unbridled (a)

uncontrolled, lacking in restraint

encroachment (n)

intrusion on a person's territory, rights, etc.

behemoth (n)

something of tremendous power or size

borough (n)

an incorporated municipality smaller than a city

suboptimal (a)

of less than the highest standard or quality.

thereby (adv)

by that means, as a result of that

deficit (n)

the state or the total amount by which money spent is more than money received

communal (a)

used or shared in common by everyone in a group

precipitate (v)

1. to make sth happen suddenly or sooner than expected

e.g: Fear of losing her job ____ (= suddenly forced) her ____ action

2. to throw sb or sth from a height with great force

3. (chemistry) if a liquid ____ (out), substances in it become solid and separate from the liquid

precipitate (n, a)

1. (N)

• a solid substance that is produced from a liquid during a chemical process

2. (A)

• if an action is ____ it is done sooner or faster than expected without enough thought or preparation

playdate (n)

an arrangement for children to spend time together and play

oversight (n)

1. a mistake made because of a failure to notice sth

e.g: They claimed it was simply an ____.

2. responsibility for a job or activity and for making sure it is being done correctly

e.g: Who has ____ of genetic testing

ascertain (v)

find (something) out for certain; make sure of; to discover sth

e.g: The police have so far been unable to j

deep-seated (a)

firmly established at a deep or profound level.

veteran (n)

Someone very experienced in something; expert

briefing (n)

a speech informing members of a group of changes in policy or procedure

cornerstone (n)

the starting point of a building; a fundamental principle or element

e.g: In most countries, the family unit is still the ____ of society.

uncompromising (a)

if ppl or their beliefs are ____, they are fixed and do jot change, esp when faced with opposition

e.g: The city council has taken an ____ stand agaisnt the proposals for the new buildings

substandard (a)

inferior to accepted standards

tactical (a)

relating to or constituting actions, methods carefully planned to gain a specific end.

• a ____ error/mistake

• a ____ decision/move

• ____ voting

clad (a)

clothed or covered

attire (n, v)

(n.) clothes, apparel, garb, esp of a ptcl or formal type

(v.) to dress, adorn, or bedeck sb

e.g: She was ____d in a velvet gown

vigilance (n)

watchfulness, carefull attention, esp in order to notice possible danger

e.g: Thanks to the ____ of a neighbor that the fire was put under control before it could spread further.

high-stakes (n)

used to describe a situation that has a lot of risk and in which someone is likely to either get or lose an advantage, a lot of money, etc.

e.g: The company has made some ____ investments in an attempt to transform itself into a multibrand empire.

• ____ battle/contest/negotiations

surveillance (n)

the careful watching of a person or place, esp by the police or army, bc of a crime that has happened or is expected

• ____ cameras

e.g: The police have kept the nightclub under ____ bc of suspected illegal drug activity.

demarcate (v)

to clearly set or mark the boundaries of a group or geographic area

preclude (v)

(v.) to make impossible, prevent, shut out

refrain (n)

a regularly repeated line or group of lines in a poem or song

dictate (v)

to speak or read something to a person who writes it down; to decree

credential (n)

a document that proves a person is believable