chapter 2 flashcards 115

These flashcards cover fundamental concepts and processes in cellular physiology and pharmacology, including cell functions, drug actions, and physiological responses.

What are cells described as in cellular physiology?

Cells are dynamic 'factories' that take in raw materials, manufacture products, and deliver them to appropriate destinations.

What are common characteristics shared by all cells?

Cells can exchange materials, obtain energy from nutrients, synthesize molecules, reproduce, and communicate via biologic chemicals.

What is the main function of the cell membrane?

The cell membrane acts as a barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

What is pharmacokinetics?

Pharmacokinetics refers to the specific processes involved in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

What determines the onset of drug action?

The rate of drug absorption determines the onset of drug action.

What factors affect drug absorption?

Factors include dosage form, route of administration, administration site blood flow, GI function, and the presence of food or other drugs.

What does distribution refer to in pharmacology?

Distribution is the process by which drugs are carried by blood and tissue fluids to action, metabolism, and excretion sites.

How does protein binding affect drug distribution?

Protein binding can affect the distribution of drugs in the body, influencing their availability and effectiveness.

What is the metabolic process in relation to drugs?

Metabolism refers to how drugs are inactivated or biotransformed in the body.

Where are drug-metabolizing enzymes located?

They are located in the kidneys, liver, red blood cells, plasma, lungs, and gastrointestinal mucosa.

What is the definition of excretion in pharmacology?

Excretion is the elimination of a medication from the body, requiring adequate function of the circulatory system, kidneys, bowel, lungs, and skin.

What is the serum drug level?

Serum drug level is a laboratory measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood at a specific time.

What must be present for a drug to have efficacy?

The minimum effective concentration (MEC) must be present.

What is receptor theory of drug action?

Receptor theory states drugs exert effects by binding chemically with receptor cells to activate or alter biological functions.

What types of drugs do not act on receptor sites?

Drugs such as antacids, osmotic diuretics, certain anticancer drugs, and metal chelating agents do not act on receptor sites.

What are factors affecting drug-related variables?

They include dosage, route of administration, drug-diet interactions, and drug-drug interactions.

What can increase therapeutic or adverse effects of drugs?

Interactions such as additive effects, synergism, interference, and displacement can increase these effects.

What can decrease drug effects?

Interactions such as antidote medication, decreased absorption, and increased metabolism rate can decrease drug effects.

What are examples of patient-related variables?

Age, body weight, pharmacogenomics, genetics, ethnicity, gender, psychological considerations, and pre-existing conditions.

What are adverse effects of drugs?

Adverse effects are any undesired responses to medication that can occur even with usual therapeutic dosing.

What might toxicology result from in terms of drug overdose?

Toxicology can result from excessive amounts of medication, whether a single large dose or prolonged smaller doses.

What are the main goals of treatment in drug overdose cases?

The goals are to start treatment soon after ingestion, support and stabilize vital functions, and prevent further damage.