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what type of body function are ultradian rhythms most likely related to?
metabolism
what sleep phases are considered ultradian but are modulated by circadian phase?
NREM-REM cycles
what is meant by a “trimodal” activity pattern in rats and mice?
refers to three prominent activity bouts occurring at the beginning, middle, and end of their subjective night
is the trimodal activity cycle in rats controlled by an independent ultradian clock?
no, it’s eliminated when the SCN is removed, suggesting it is not controlled by a separate ultradian clock
what supports the idea that the SCN contains multiple circadian oscillators?
evidence from the phenomenon of “splitting”, where a single circadian rhythm dissociates into two or more independently free-running rhythms
what might explain the multiple daily activity bouts in rats?
these may be outputs from separate groups of circadian oscillators within the SCN
what does heavy water do to a rodent's body?
causes the circadian cycle to lengthen
what is the proposed function of a dopaminergic ultradian oscillator (DUO)?
it is a hypothesized oscillator that controls activity cycles with periods shorter than 24 hours and is sensitive to dopamine levels
what happens to circadian rhythms in rats with no SCN when given methamphetamine?
methamphetamine induces a robust free-running rhythm, appearing to restore rhythmicity even without the SCN
how do DUO rhythms change with increasing doses of methamphetamine?
at low doses, it induces an ultradian rhythm; at higher doses, the rhythm slows and its period becomes much longer than 24 hours
what psychiatric disorder do methamphetamine-induced rest-activity cycles in mice resemble?
rapid-cycling bipolar disorder, due to similar patterns of mania/depression and elevated dopamine activity