pcr exam 1

What are parents responsible for?

nurturing, socializing, teaching, guarding

socialization-

the process by which children are taught to be competent individuals/how new members are assisted by experienced members

Early focus of parenting research-

20s and 30s focused on love and discipline (impact behavior)

nurture-

Socializationo Early focus of researcho Bradley, 2007o Nurture, structureo Responsive parenting

structure-

boundaries and controls that guider behavior

parents are responsible for providing

responsive care

who may coparent?

2 adults who together take on the care of children (mothers, aunts, uncles, grandparents)

2 lead factors of coparenting?

1) executive function 2) emotional attachment/commitment to child

What does ideal p-c relship look like?

constructive, trusting, true concern for well-being, best interest of child, no harm, adaptive and evolving

relational process describes…..

ebb and flow of relationship

relational content describes….

specific information that is discussed within that relationship

in relationships, __ generally outweighs content

process

Hunter gatherer (200,000 yrs ago):

valued individual, child is separate human being, reincarnation of gods or ancestors

agrarian-based societies (8,000-10,000 yrs ago):

less time with mother, free play, obedience

patria potestas (400 BC):

"power of father", children are possessions, adulthood 7 yrs old

adult-centered view-

parents needs in mind

child-centered approach-

ONLY in upper class families

childhood as a dedicated period spread to lower and middle class families late ___-

19th century

what years started child labor laws?

1836

what year was fair labor standards act?

1938

UNICEF (2021)-

160million age 5-17 working

role of religion-

providing ideas about parenting

philosophers ideas:

children are blank slates , impressionable for the influences of adults; unidirectional view of parenting

physicians ideas:

child health and rearing based on unsubstantiated personal ideas (not medical)

psychologists and family scientists ideas:

focused on understanding welfare of parents, children, strengthening families

first parenting study was in what year?

1899

Cora Bussey Hall argument-

if we spend money on how to raise pigs why not on children

Lay theories-

not empiracally verified

ethno theories-

theories and beliefs that underlies the values and practices of members in particular culture

control theory-

PC relationships are bidirectional (Bronfenbrenner)

child effects: changes in parent caused by _

child

parent effect: changes in child caused by

parent

parenting styles range (structured):

control/demand

parenting styles range (nurture):

warmth/response

role strain-

tension between roles that share same status (ex. caring for child and parent)

Self Determination Theory, 3 Basic Needs:

autonomy, competence, relatedness

structuring environment to promote competence:

environment becomes predictable--child knows what's expected and how others will respond

Family System Theory (FST)-

focuses on system of interactions, interrelations, and interconnections between family

The ____ is greater than its part

sum

coercion cycles- problematic interaction in which parent's child compete to see

who can gain the upper hand

what is the first central category of parenting?

1) parental psychological resources (personality)

what is the second central category of parenting?

2) child characteristics (gender, behavior)

what is the third central category of parenting?

3) contextual sources of stress or social support (marital relationships, work)

What did Belsky view as most important to parenting behavior?

personality

higher SES instills __

responsibility

lower SES values what?

external authority or conformity (little freedom)

5 factors to consider related to parental employment:

1) type of job 2) hours 3) financial need 4) carer vs family oriented 5) like job?

child rearing commitment=

amount of time

impact of maternal employment can change _

the way the family lives

family systems theory (FST)-

a change in 1 part of the family will ripple and effect everyone else

major life stressors (MLS)-

have a significant impact on family (moving, natural disasters)

proximate stressors-

stressors related to everyday occurences

fathers spend ___% of time with kids

67

parenting gender difference between moms and dads:

father- physically stimulating | mothers-enforce rules, peek-a-boo

parent's childhood:

75% of relationship with child

babysitting experience:

contributions to competency

experience with 1st born:

test baby

5 factor model (OCEAN)

O penness, C onscientiousness, E xtraversion, A greeable, N euroticism

3 variables that play a role in birth order…..

gender, spacing, family size

family resource dilution theory-

more children in a family LESS resources available

2 changes in family structure over time:

1) single (40%) vs two parent family 2) # of children In home (avg 2)

spillover hypothesis-

what happens in relationship can spillover in PCR

compensatory hypothesis (compensation)-

"making up for" in other relationships

what kind of context may shape behavior?

environment, presence of others, time of day

most variables have additive or __ effects

cumulative

compensation-

if 1 positive parenting variable is strong enough it can make up for weaker ones

HOME inventory-

home observation for measurement of the environment

4 types of parents-

1) pro-children (30% pros) 2) anti-children (30% few benefits) 3) ambivalent (20% both pros and cons) 4) indifferent

when does responsible parenting begin?

6 months, before couple gets prenant

how many pregnancy are unplanned?

50%

what planning requires….

prenatal care, potential teratogens, genetic counseling

what ice stage 1 of parenthood?

pregnancy (image making)

costs associated with raising a child?

$12,980

stepparent adoption-

second-parent adoption

kinship adoption-

grandparents adopting grandchild

public adoption-

through licensed agency

private adoption-

3rd party (attorney) arranges adoption between potential parent and birth mother

semi-open adoption-

permits access to information to all parties but no contact or visitation can take place

potential challenges in adoption:

health records incomplete, attachment disorders

baby blues-

feelings of letdown, subside within first few days

postpartum psychosis-

mental illness that may be characterized by hallucinations, delusions, anxiety, or suicidal thoughts

factors that may increase post pardon depression:

twins, , IVF, social systems