JMU BIO 290 Final Review

segmental embryonic cells, lie in pairs along the spinal cord

somites definition

segmental/ serial repetition

Vertebrates are _________________ animals: we exhibit _________________________ of structures along the longitudinal axis of the body.

1. vertebrae and ribs

2. axial muscles (back and abs)

3. urogenital system

4. skin

also somatic nervous system

What are the Somatic Trunk structures?

1. digestive system/ gut tube structures

2. respiratory system structures

3. body cavities: celoms

Non-segmental trunk structures:

embryonic bands of gill tissues that form parts of the head and neck

pharyngeal arches definition

sends and receives signals from somatic structures

Somatic Nervous system

part of axial skeleton

Trunk skeleton: vertebra=

provide more area for a muscle to attach

function of vertebral processes:

review pg 6, vertebrae

7 (C1-C7)

cervical vertebrae #

transverse foramina

cervical vertebrae distinctive features

atlas (no vertebral body, articulates with skull)

C1 aka

axis (dens-->superior pointing process)

C2 aka

vertebra prominens (prominent spinous process)

C7 aka

12 (T1-T12)

thoracic vertebrae #

costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse)

thoracic vertebrae distinctive features

5 (L1-L5)

lumbar vertebrae #

no costal facets, no transverse foramina, very large

lumbar vertebrae distinctive features

5 fused to form sacrum

sacral vertebrae #

sacral foramina

sacral vertebrae distinctive features

usually 3 fused

coccygeal vertebrae #

vestigal tail

coccygeal vertebrae distinctive features

runs along the posterior surface and inbetween spinous processes of vertebrae inferior to C7

supraspinous ligament

continuation of supraspinous ligament superior to C7

runs along the posterior surface and inbetween spinous processes of vertebrae

nuchal ligament

runs along the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies

anterior longitudinal ligament

runs along the posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies

posterior longitudinal ligament

connects lamina to lamina

ligamenta flava

bone/ bone

ligaments connect ___________ to ____________.

run in between transverse processes of vertebrae

intertransverse ligament

runs in between spinous processes of vertebrae

interspinous ligament

annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

intervertebral disks are made of:

each acts as a shock-absorber for vertebrae

function of intervertebral disks

outer ring of fibrous tissue

annulus fibrosus

soft, gel-like center

nucleus pulposus

nucleus pulposus emerges through a tear in the annulus fibrosus

herniated disk

dorsal to the transverse process of each vertebra

epaxial muscles are defined as being located ______________________

right and left sides acting together

extension of head/vertebral column

bilateral actions of epaxial muscles

one side acting alone

lateral flexion of head/ vertebral column

unilateral action of epaxial muscles

dorsal rami of spinal nerves

innervation of epaxial muscles

cervical

epaxial superficial layer (region of trunk)

up and out (makes a V)

epaxial superficial layer (direction of muscle fibers)

cervical and thoracic

epaxial intermediate layer (region of trunk)

up and out (makes a V)

epaxial intermediate layer (direction of muscle fibers)

O: nuchal ligament, cervical and thoracic spinous processes

I: cervical transverse processes, occipital bone, mastoid process

A: bilateral-extend head and neck

unilateral-laterally flex and rotate head and neck

Innerv: cervical dorsal rami

splenius

cervical, thoracic, and lumbar

epaxial deep layer (region of trunk)

up and in (A shaped)

epaxial deep layer (direction of muscle fibers)

1. iliocostalis

2. longissimus

3. spinalis

Erector Spinae group includes...

posterior sacrum, iliac crest, sacrospinous ligament, spinous processes of lumbar and sacral vertebrae

common origin of erector spinae

O: posterior sacrum, iliac crest, sacrospinous ligament, spinous processes of lumbar and sacral vertebrae

I: cervical transverse processes, angles of ribs

A: bilateral- extend vertebral column

unilateral- laterally flex vertebral column

Innerv: dorsal rami (all levels)

iliocostalis

O: posterior sacrum, iliac crest, sacrospinous ligament, spinous processes of lumbar and sacral vertebra

I: cervical and thoracic transverse processes, mastoid process

A: bilateral- extend vertebral column and head

unilateral- laterally flex vertebral column and head

Innerv: dorsal rami (all levels)

longissimus

dorsal rami (all levels)

common innervation for erector spinae (intermediate epaxial mm)

O: posterior sacrum, iliac crest, sacrospinous ligament, spinous processes of lumbar and sacral vertebrae

I: cervical and thoracic spinous processes

A: bilateral- extend vertebral column

unilateral- laterally flex vertebral column

Innerv: dorsal rami (all levels)

spinalis

line body wall

hypaxial muscles

ventral/anterior to the transverse process of each vertebra

hypaxial muscles are defined as being located...

abdominal body wall and thoracic body wall

hypaxial muscles are found in the......

flex and sometimes rotate trunk; compress and support abdominal viscera

hypaxial abdominal wall mm bilateral actions

elevate/depress ribcage; stabilize thorax

hypaxial thoracic wall mm bilateral actions

laterally flex/ rotate trunk

hypaxial abdominal wall mm unilateral actions

N/A

hypaxial thoracic wall mm unilateral actions

inferior thoracic (T7-T12)

2 have L1 ventral rami of spinal nn

hypaxial mm of abdominal body wall innervation

intercostal nn (thoracic ventral rami)

hypaxial mm of thoracic body wall innervation

forms the muscular floor of the pelvis

pelvic diaphragm

1. coccygeus

2. levator ani

what muscles compose the pelvic diaphragm?

small in humans, located in the same position as the sacrospinous ligament

coccygeus

U-shaped muscular sling that spans the medial surface of the pelvis from the pubis to the ischial spine

levator ani

1. support pelvic viscera-both

2. raise pelvic floor (for coughing, puking)- levator ani

coccygeus also flexes coccyx

functions of pelvic diaphragm

sacral ventral rami

innervation of hypaxial muscles of the pelvis

brain, spinal cord

structural components of CNS

receive and interpret sensory information

generate motor commands

functional components of CNS

cranial nn (in head and neck)

spinal nn in trunk

structural components of peripheral NS

transmits sensory information to CNS

transmits motor commands away from CNS to effectors

functional components of peripheral NS

neuron

nerve cell

bundle of axons, which we also call nerve fibers

nerve

afferent

carries impulse toward CNS from receptors

sensory neuron

efferent

carries impulse away from CNS to effectors (mm and glands)

motor neuron

1. long-lived cells

2. require continuous supply of glucose and oxygen

3. most lose ability to undergo mitosis and can't make daughter cells

3 facts about neurons

vertebral canal

spinal cord runs through the _____________________

all of the separate vertebra stacked atop one another

vertebral canal is formed by......

myelinated axons, axons with sheaths of whitish, fatty proteins

white matter

space containing cerebrospinal fluid

central canal

cell bodies of neurons and un-myelinated axons (no sheaths)

makes up dorsal, lateral and ventral horns

gray matter

in the visceral region (T1-L2)

lateral horns are found...

cell bodies of general somatic efferent neurons

ventral horns are made of

cell bodies of interneurons

dorsal horns are made of

cell bodies of general visceral efferent neurons

lateral horns are made of

outside of spinal cord meninges, contains cerebral spinal fluid

epidural space

"tough mother", outermost covering of spinal cord

dura mater

spider mother, middle covering of spinal cord, connected to subarachnoid space

arachnoid mater

contains cerebrospinal fluid, looks like cobwebs

subarachnoid space

innermost covering os spinal cord, fused with spinal cord

pia mater

somatic or visceral structures

afferent pathways receive signals from

CNS

efferent pathways receive signals from

CNS

afferent pathways carry signals to

somatic or visceral effectors

efferent pathways carry signals to

1

how many types of pathways do roots carry?

afferent neurons only

dorsal root contains

cell bodies of afferent neurons

dorsal root ganglion contains

efferent neurons only

ventral root contains

both efferent and afferent neurons

spinal nerve contains

both afferent and efferent signals

rami carry