BIO QUIZ (evolution/domains/hardy weinburg)

3 Domains

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

Kingdom of Archaea

Archaebacteria

Kingdom of Bactera

Eubacteria

Kingdom of Eukarya

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Cell type of Archaebacteria?

Prokaryote

Cell type of Eubacteria

Prokaryote

Cell type of Protista

Eukaryote

Cell type of Fungi

Eukaryote

Cell type of Plantae

Eukaryote

Cell type of Animalia

eukaryote

Cell number(s) of achraebacteria

Unicellular

Cell number(s) of Eubacteria

unicellular

Cell number(s) of Protista

Both Unicellular (Most) and multicellular

Cell number(s) of fungi

Multicellular (Some uni)

Cell number(s) of plantae

Multicellular (Mostly)

Cell number(s) of Animalia

Multicellular

Nutrition of Archaebacteria

Autotrophs and Hetrotrophs

Nutrition of Eubacteria

Autotrophs and heterotrophs

Nutrition of Protista

Autotroph and Heterotroph

Nutrition of Fungi

Hetroroph (Absorption)

Nutrition of plantae

autotroph

Nutrition of animalia

Heterotroph (Ingestion)

Cell wall of Archaebacteria

Yes (Pseudopeptidoglycan)

Cell wall of Eubacteria

yes Peptiglycon

cell wall of protista

cellulose, silsa

cell wall of fungi

chitin

Cell wall of plantae

cellulose

cell wall of Animalia

No cell wall

Reproduction of Archaea

asexual

reproduction of Bacteria

asexual

reproduction of Protista

Mostly Asexual

reproduction of fungi

asexual and sexual

plantae reproduction

asexaul (Mostly) but some sexual

Animalia reproduction

sexual (Mostly) but some asexual

define natural selection

when traits become more common in a population because it helps with survival and reproduction.

Processes of natural selection

Variation, overproduction, competition and survival of teh fittest, reproduction

products of natural selction

adaption and evolution

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

species change over time through a process called natural selection —> how new species evolve.

define strata

layers of sedimentary rock that build up over time

define fossil reocrd

collection of all known fossils and their placement in strata→ shows change over time (When, how, and where) and how old organisms live

why is the fossil record incomplete?

not all speices fossilize and scietntist havent collected all fossils

Explain how homologies provide strong evidence of evolution

Same structure, though different function and on different species show how different species evolve/descendant from a common ancestor but evolved differently (Function) based on separate environments and survival needs. Are modified for separate functions but are relatively the same

homologies definition

similar traits (such as bone structure) inherited from a common ancestor

why is the homoloies important in this pic

shows that differnt speiecs have same strurtal organization just for different functions meaning shared common anscotr

Explain how mutation and sexual reproduction produce genetic variation

Sexual reproduction mixes existing genes from parents and creates genetically unique offspring (Independent assortment, Random fertilization, Crossing over). Leaves room for mutations that can help, hurt or do nothing to an organism on survival and reproduction.

Define the gene pool

genes present in population 

define population

group of individuals of the same species that live in same area/same time

define Microevolution

small scale evolution such as changes in allele frequencies in a population over a short period of time

What are 5 conditions need to be met required for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Large population, Random mating, no mutation, no natural selection, no gene flow

how to remember 5 conditions for hardy-weinber equllibrium

Large, random, MnMs

Explain the significance of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to natural populations

lets scientists find out if a speices is eveloving

• Explain the significance of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to public health science.

Can be used to predict genetic diseases, find out how many people carry the diease and the likilkood of children inherting teh deiase

Describe the three main causes of evolutionary change.

Natural selection, Genetic drift, Gene flow

Define genetic drift

change in genes of a population by random chance

define gene flow

When genes flow in/out of a gene pool/population

what is Genetic Bottleneck

A disaster (Flood, fire, disease…) resulting in a change in gene frequency following a dramatic reduction of populations size (new, smaller gene pool is different from OG gene pool due to disaster)

how does Genetic bottleneck influnce/effect microevolution

it makes reduced genetic diversity and a smaller population

What is teh founder effect

When small group of founding individuals colonize a new location

how does foudner affect infllunce/efect microevolution

reduced genetic diversity and small population

Explain how genetic bottlenecks threaten the survival of certain species

Not a lot of genetic diversity due to slim population so certain people with certain traits where there is a smaller number of individuals who carry the trait slowly decrease in population

Explain why natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution

Natural selection is only because it makes the traits beneficial to surviving and reproducing more common (increase in advantageous alleles) and over time leads to adaption. Other mechanisms are non-directional for good traits and non consistent 

adaptive evolution defineition

changes in a population that make organisms better suited to their environment

what is Directional selection

One extreme of the trait distribution experiences selection against it it resulting in a shift towards the other extreme (one trait is favored) 

what is stabilizing selection

when selective pressures select against both extremes of a trait and go for the inbetween extreme 

What is disruptive selection

selection pressures against individuals in the middle of trait distribution ( 2 peak curve) 

example of directional selection

In giraffes, taller necks make it easier to reach food in trees and shorter necks make it harder so shift in population towards taller neck giraffes.

example of stabilizing selection

Longer necks make it harder for giraffes to mate but shorter necks make it harder for giraffes to get food so middle lengthed necks become more common

example of disruptive selection

Tall Bees love daisies, Short Bees love roses, and middle sized Bees love tulips but overnight Middle sized bees go extinct due to wildfire, tulips are selected against.

define Sexual dimorphism

Differences in form, appearance, or behavior between males and females of the same species

examples of sexual dimorphism

Lions and peacocks

what is this graph showing (DONT LOOK AT NAME)

directional selection

what is this graph showing

stablizing selection

what is this graph showing

disruptive selection

define intrasexual selection

 Competition within the same sex (usually males) for access to mates→ physical fights, displays of dominance, or territory battles (Leads to physical traits of large body size, antlers/tusks/horns, and aggressive behvior (Lions)

define intersexual slection

One sex (usually females) chooses mates based on certain traits→Traits are often flashy, colorful, or performative (Of those being picked) (Peacocks)

Explain how antibiotic resistance has evolved

some bacteria have natural genetic mutations that make them less affected by a specific antibiotic→ Antiotics kill the bacteria without the resistance→ those w/o die and those w resitance survive and reproduce (asexually) making copies of itself with teh resistance→ resistance spreads 

Explain how genetic variation is maintained in populations

Mutation as it makes changes in DNA randomly, sexual reproduction becuase ot makes geneticllay unique offspring, gene flow, and even enviorments (RANDOMNESS!!)

Explain why natural selection cannot produce perfection.

Natural selection doesn't create new traist it just acts on existing traits/muatution that randomly occur

define Speciation/macroevolution

the process where one species splits into two or more distinct species (share a common ancestor) (Large species change)

what are differneces between micro and macro evolution

micro is small changes to a population while Speciation/Macroevolution are large changes to a species

Explain how geologic processes can fragment populations and lead to speciation.

Geologic changes such as mountain formation, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, continental drift, etc can separate a population into isolated groups

define reproductive barriers

traits or mechanisms that prevent members of different populations from mating or producing fertile, healthy offspring

define sympatric specieation

when a new species evolves within the same geographic area as the parent population, without physical barriers

what do DNA and protein comparisons show

 how closely related species are at the genetic level→ The more similar the DNA sequences→ the more recent their common ancestors

embryology and evolution

many speices embryos look very similar and hints at common ancestry→ Embryology shows how complex traits evolve from similar starting points

Analogous structures

show convergent evolution, where different ancestors evolved similar features independently

convergent evolution definetion

When unrelated species evolve similar traits because they live in similar environments or face similar selective pressures.

divergent evolution definiion

When closely related species evolve in different directions, developing different traits due to different environments or lifestyles.