Real Internal systems

Macronutrients

Nutrients needed in large amounts for energy and structural purposes, including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Carbohydrates

Organics found in bread, pasta, rice, and fruits; serve as energy sources.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that are the building blocks of carbohydrates.

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides.

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates formed from long chains of monosaccharides.

Proteins

Macronutrients found in meat, fish, eggs, and nuts; essential for building and repairing tissues.

Amino acids

Building blocks of proteins.

Lipids

Fats found in meat, dairy, and oils, important for long-term energy storage.

Triglycerides

A type of lipid used for long-term energy storage.

Phospholipids

Lipids that form cell membranes.

Saturated fats

Fats that are solid at room temperature, containing no double bonds.

Unsaturated fats

Fats that are liquid at room temperature, containing one or more double bonds.

Vitamins

Organic compounds essential for normal growth and nutrition, typically required in small quantities.

Minerals

Inorganic substances needed for various functions in the body, including calcium and iron.

Water

Essential nutrient that constitutes 55-60% of the body, necessary for many biological processes.

Peristalsis

Wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

Sphincters

Muscle rings that control the passage of food at various points in the digestive system.

Mechanical digestion

Physical breakdown of food through processes like chewing.

Chemical digestion

Breakdown of food using enzymes.

Absorption

Process of taking nutrients from the digestive tract into the bloodstream.

Egestion

Elimination of undigested waste from the body.

Saliva

Fluid in the mouth that begins the process of digestion; contains the enzyme amylase.

Amylase

Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch into sugars.

Gastric acid

Acid secreted by the stomach to aid in digestion, primarily hydrochloric acid.

Pepsin

Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach.

Bile

Digestive fluid produced by the liver that emulsifies fats.

Pancreatic enzymes

Enzymes that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the small intestine.

Villi

Small finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that carry oxygen in the blood.

Leukocytes

White blood cells responsible for fighting infections.

Thrombocytes

Platelets involved in blood clotting.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels where gas exchange occurs.

Pulmonary circulation

Circulation of blood between the heart and lungs.

Systemic circulation

Circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

Sinoatrial node

The heart's natural pacemaker that regulates heartbeat.

Cardiac cycle

The sequence of events in one heartbeat, including contraction and relaxation.

Blood pressure

The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.

Acid reflux

Condition in which stomach acid flows back into the esophagus.

Peptic ulcers

Sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or small intestine.

Vomiting

Forceful expulsion of the contents of the stomach through the mouth.

Diarrhea

Frequent passage of loose or watery stools.

Colonoscopy

Procedure that allows visualization of the inside of the colon.

Capsule endoscopy

Procedure using a small camera to visualize the small intestine.

Proton pump inhibitors

Medications that reduce stomach acid production.

Asthma

Chronic inflammatory disease of the airways caused by hyperreactivity.

Emphysema

Condition where alveoli are damaged, leading to breathing difficulties.

Sickle cell anemia

Genetic disorder in which red blood cells are misshaped, causing blockages.

Arteriosclerosis

Thickening and stiffening of blood vessel walls.

Angina pectoris

Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart.

Cerebrovascular accident

Disruption of blood flow to the brain, commonly known as a stroke.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Test that measures the electrical activity of the heart.

Coronary angiogram

X-ray test that visualizes coronary arteries using dye.

Artificial heart

Mechanical device designed to replace a failing heart.

Hormone

Chemical messenger secreted by glands to regulate bodily functions.

Gastrin

Hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid.

Secretin

Hormone that stimulates secretion of bicarbonate and inhibits gastric acid.

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Disorder where gastrin-secreting tumors lead to excessive acid production.

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN 1)

Genetic disorder that predisposes to multiple endocrine tumors.

Lymph nodes

Small structures that filter lymph and house immune cells.

Intrinsic factor

Protein required for absorption of vitamin B12.

Capillary beds

Network of tiny blood vessels where exchange occurs between blood and tissues.

Mitochondria

Organelles that produce energy through cellular respiration.

Vital Capacity

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a deep breath.

Residual Volume

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation.

Metabolic rate

Rate at which the body uses energy.

VO2 max

Maximal oxygen consumption during intense exercise.

Gas exchange

Process where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs.

Bicarbonate

Ion that helps neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine.

Hemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen.

Cilia

Tiny hair-like structures that sweep debris out of the respiratory tract.

Mucous

Viscous fluid that traps dust and bacteria in airways.

Abdominal pain

Discomfort or pain in the stomach area.

Gastrinoma

Tumor that secretes excessive amounts of gastrin.

Acid secretion

Release of gastric acid into the stomach.

Perforation

A hole that develops through the wall of an organ, such as the intestine.

Chronic pain

Persistent pain that lasts weeks to years.

Gastrointestinal tract

System of organs involved in digestion and absorption.

Antibodies

Proteins produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens.

Mechanical ventilation

Method to assist or replace spontaneous breathing.

Genetic mutation

Change in DNA sequence that can lead to disease.

Autosomal dominant

Inheritance pattern where one copy of the mutated gene causes the disorder.

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

Cholesterol

Fat molecule important for cell membrane structure and hormone production.

Respiratory distress syndrome

Condition in which the lungs cannot provide enough oxygen.

Electrolytes

Minerals in the body that carry an electric charge.

Nutrient absorption

Process of taking in nutrients from food.

Hypoxia

Condition of insufficient oxygen in the tissues.

Detoxification

Removal of toxic substances from the body.

Nebulizer

Device used to administer medication in the form of a mist.

Hyperglycemia

Higher than normal blood glucose levels.

Electrolyte imbalance

Condition where the levels of electrolytes in the body are abnormal.

Immune response

The body's defense against infectious organisms.

Sepsis

Life-threatening condition caused by the body's response to an infection.

Abdominal ultrasound

Imaging test that uses sound waves to visualize internal organs.

CT scan

Imaging method that uses X-rays to create detailed pictures of structures inside the body.

MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a technique to visualize internal structures.

Surgical resection

Removal of part of an organ or tissue.

Patient monitoring

Continuous assessment of a patient's health status.