World history unit 1 part 1

BY ASHLY

Octavian (Augustus)

First Roman emperor who began 200 years of peace

Constantinople

Capital City of the Byzantine empire

Justinian I:

The Byzantine emperor who created a code of laws.

Justinian's Code

A collection of Roman laws that preserved Roman ideas and influenced later Western legal systems.

Roman Contributions

Key ideas spread from Greeks and Egyptians, advanced legal systems, and engineering marvels like roads and aqueducts.

Decline of the Roman Empire

The empire split into two parts due to corruption and civil wars in the West, with the East continuing as the Byzantine Empire.

Feudalism

A system created for protection from raids, where serfs worked the land for a lord in exchange for protection.

Magna Carta

A document that forced King John of England to acknowledge that nobles had rights and that monarchs must obey the law.

Great Schism

The split of Christianity into the Roman Catholic Church (Western) and the Orthodox Church (Eastern).

Medieval Christian Church

Taught that life was full of suffering and that salvation could only be achieved through sacraments controlled by the Church.

Tsar

The title for a Russian ruler.

Ivan the Great:

The Russian ruler who defeated the Mongols and united northern Russia.

Muhammad

The founder of Islam.

Muslim

A follower of Islam.

Quran

The holy book of Islam.

Five Pillars of Islam

The five duties of a Muslim (belief, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage).

Mecca

A holy city in Islam, where Muhammad was born and where the Quran was revealed.

Hajj

The pilgrimage to Mecca that all able-bodied Muslims are expected to make once in their lifetime.

Caliph

 A successor to Muhammad.

Sunni vs. Shiite

The main split in Islam, centered on who should lead the Muslim community after Muhammad's death. Sunnis believed Abu Bakr was the rightful successor, while Shiites believed leaders should be related to Muhammad.

Abbasid Dynasty

The dynasty that moved the capital of the Muslim Empire to Baghdad and focused on learning and culture.

Umayyad Dynasty

The first major Muslim dynasty, which established Arabic as the main language and developed a distinct currency.

Muslim Traders:

Helped to rapidly spread Islam, particularly in North Africa.

Crusades

A series of wars between Christians and Muslims to gain control of the Holy Lands.

Impact of the Crusades

Led to increased trade and the power of both the Church and monarchs, but also increased religious hatred.

Bubonic Plague

A deadly disease caused by bacteria on fleas, which were carried by rats.

Spread of the Plague

The disease was spread to Europe on trade ships.

Flagellants

 A group of people who publicly whipped themselves to show repentance for their sins during the plague

Impact of the Plague

Devastated local economies and led to a time of uncertainty and unhappiness.

Suleiman the Magnificent (Law Giver)

A leader of the Ottoman Empire who sponsored the arts and enacted legal reforms.

Ottoman Empire

A large Turkish empire that conquered the Byzantine Empire and became a major world power