CC1 CARBOHYDRATES PART 2

A group of metabolic disorders that is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin receptors or both

Diabetes Mellitus

Test used for monitoring long-term diabetes

HbA1c

Ketosis develops in DM with excessive synthesis of what enzyme?

Acetyl-CoA

In severe DM, what is the ratio of beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate?

6:1

AKA Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Type 1

What is the genetic association of type 1 diabetes?

HLA DR3 and DR4

In what chromosome is the defect of brittle diabetes?

Chromosome 6

Individuals with type 1 diabetes tend to have _____ for IAA

High titers

Cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of b-cells of the pancreas

Type 1

What are the most common symptoms of ketosis-prone diabetes?

Polyuria

Polydipsia

Polyphagia

A form of type 1 diabetes that has no known etiology and is strongly inherited

Idiopathic type 1 DM

AKA geneticist’s nightmare

Type 2 diabetes

If Stable diabetes is left untreated, what disease could be developed?

Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma <500 mg/dL

Detectable C-peptide

Type 2 DM

Screening of GDM should be performed how many gestational weeks?

24 and 28 weeks

Characterized by FBS concentrations between normal and diabetic values

Impaired fasting glucose

Fasting blood glucose concentrations less than those required for the diagnosis of diabetes, but OGTT is between normal and diabetic values

Impaired glucose tolerance

What are the 3 enzymes that are impaired in galactosemia?

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase

Galactokianse

Uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by fructokinase deficiency

Essential fructosuria

Inability to convert fructose-1-phosphate and fructose-1,6-biphosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate and glyceraldehyde.

Hereditary fructose intolerance

Fasting glucose in whole blood is _______ than in serum or plasma

15% lower

Venous blood glucose is ______ than capillary blood

7 mg/dL

Peritoneal fluid is ________ with plasma glucose

Equal / Same

Plasma glucose level increase with age, specify the amount that it increases and how long:

Fasting

Postprandial

Glucose challenge

2 mg/dL/decade

4 mg/dL/decade

8-13 mg/dL/decade

At what temperature does glycolysis decreases glucose by 5 to 7% per hour?

Room temperature

At what temperature does glucose metabolize at the rate of 1 to 2% per hour?

Refrigerated

Reduction of cupric ions forming cuprous oxide in hot alkaline solution by glucose

Alkaline copper reduction method

Reduction of a yellow ferricyanide to a colorless ferricyanide by glucose

Alkaline ferric reduction method

Hagedorn Jensen

What is the end product of follin wu method?

Phosphomolybdic acid or Phosphomolybdenum blue

What is the end product of Nelson somogyl method?

Arsenomolybdic acid or Arsenomolybdenum blue

This method uses schiff’s base and glycosylamine

Dubowski

Ortho toluidine

This method measures beta-d-glucose and CSF glucose but it’s inhibited by many enzymes

Glucose oxidase method

Reference method for glucose measurement

Hexokinase method

Mutarotase is added in this method to shorten the time necessary to reach equilibrium

Glucose dehydrogenase method

Most common method used for OGTT

Janney Isaacson Method

Aside from fasting and ambulatory state of the patient, what is the unrestricted diet requirement before performing OGTT?

150g carbohydrate/day for 3 days prior to testing

WHO standard glucose load

75gms

This test is used for diabetes patients with gastrointestinal disorders

Intravenous glucose tolerance test

AKA glycated hemoglobin

Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA)

Normal range for HbA1c?

4 to 5.7%

Normal range for random plasma glucose?

<140 mg/dL

Normal range for FBS/FPG?

<100 mg/dL

Normal value of 2-HR OGTT?

<140 mg/dL

Criteria for diagnosis of DM? 4 answers

HbA1c: >6.5%

2-hr OGTT: >200 mg/dL

FBS/FPG: >126 mg/dL

Random Plasma Glucose: >200 mg/dL

Criteria for diagnosing impaired plasma glucose? 4 answers

HbA1c: 5.7-6.5%

2hr OGTT: 140-199 mg/dL

FBS: 100-125 mg/dL

RPG: 140-199 mg/dL

Reflection of short-term glucose control and useful for monitoring diabetic individuals with chronic hemolytic anemias and hemoglobin variants

Fructosamine

Percentage of blood plasma glucose level of CSF glucose

40 to 60%

What is the reference range of CSF glucose of a child?

40 to 70 mg/dL

This test is a reliable indicator for pancreatic and insulin secretion and mainly evaluates hypoglycemia

C-peptide test