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How is arterial blood pressure measured? and with what measurments?
Using a sphygmomanometer at the brachial artery. Systolic/Diastolic Pressure
Heredity, race, gender, aging, stress, obesity, lifestyle, and smoking.
formula for Cardiac Output
CO = HR x SV.
What are the 3 main circulatory routes
Simplest pathway, portal system and anastomosis
Simplest Pathway: Most common route
Heart-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins-back to heart
Portal System
Blood flows through 2 consectuive caplarillary netowrks before returning to heart
ex. btw intestines and liver
Anastomosisis
artery directly to vein: fingers, toes, ears; reduces heat loss
calculate pulse pressure
PP= SP-DP
what is perfusion
the RATE of blood flow per given mass of tissue
What is blood flow and perfusion determined by?
Blood pressure and resistance
Chronic resting BP for Hypotension
90/60
Chronic resting bp for Normal
120-135/75
Chronic resting bp of 140/90
Hypertension
Peripheral resistance: Higher Viscosity equals…
lower blood flow
Peripheral resistance: Blood Vessel length:- Higher distance
Lower blood flow
Peripheral resistance: Blood vessel radius:- Lower/smaller radius =
lower blood flow
% of cases/ risk factors and treatment for primary Hypertension
90%, Lifestyle and genetics; weight management, low sodium diet, physical activity
% of cases/risk factors and treatment for secondary Hypertension
(10%) caused by another disease like kidney disease, adrenal gland disorder, or sleep apnea; address other disease, lifestyle modifications
three factors that affect peripheral resistance
Blood Vessel radius, Blood vessel length, Viscosity
Two purposes of vasomotion
Baroreflex and Chemoreflex
What is vasomotion
change in vessel radius+ vasoconstriction and vasodilation
What would the baroreceptors do to the cardiac center and the vasomotor center if there was an INCREASE in blood pressure?
BAroreceptors would signal cardiac center to decrease HR by increasing parasympathetic(vagal) activity
What would the baroreceptors do to the cardiac center and the vasomotor center if there was a DECREASE in blood pressure?
Vasomotor center would increase vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure
What would the chemoreceptors in the medulla do in response to ĂŞ blood flow to brain (ischemia)?
Vasomotor center:
Vasoconstrict to increase BP
Cardiac center:
Send signals to CC to stim sympathetic fiber to increase HR and contraction force
List the factors that lead to EDEMA (fluid accumulation in the body)
Increased Hydrostatic pressure
Decrease colloid osmotic pressure
Blockage of drainage to lymph capillaries