PSY 361 exam 2

what is MS?

multiple places of lesions in the brain | white matter affects it use of MRI | loss of myelin trigger it | it is the use of Oligodendrocyes only in the CNS which is a inflammation condition

Who gets MS?

age onset is between 20 to 40 years who get diagnosis

race/ethnicity which is found to have more of a affect on white people

gender which is found to have more of a risk for female compare to men

Our immune system in regards of MS, is what?

it is attacking the good stuff in our system instead of the bad

t-cell attacks the myelin, never cell, monocytes attacks, beta interferon

the route:

• invader

• antigen production

• t-cell (WBC) make antibodies to antigen

• killer T cell which attacks myelin

what are the CAUSES for MS?

we don’t know the exact cause.

possible for it being the geographic/environmental → shown the farther you are away from the equators the higher risk of it.

example

northern states in the US

• Vitamin D sun exposure 

  •  sun exposure lower risk

• Genetic not inherited, potential genetic risk inherited

• Smoking → traditionally cigarettes - increase 

• Early life obesity → increase 

• Viruses n bacteria  

  • Epstein-barr virus (mononucleosis) increase 

  • Human herpes virus 6 increase 

  • Chlamydia increase - sexual transmitted 

  • Measles increase 

what’s the shown course(s) of disease for MS?

• Relapsing remitting MS

  • Not common

    • Come and go with symptoms / remission the symptoms go away

      • Early onset MS 

• Benign MS

  • Benign → one or two attack of symptoms that goes away and don’t come back

• Secondary progressive MS

  • Most Common

    • Starts off as relaspying/remission → but the symptoms “remission” don’t go away/ it will get worse every time of the next of remission/ accumulating problems over time  

• Primary progressive MS

  • Worst case scenario 

    • The symptoms continue of getting worse over time, no periods of remission, short life spend

what are the shown symptoms for MS?

the white matter lesion occurs which affect

• Vision (double vision/fuzzy)

• muscle weakness (no good motor signal from the brain)

• coordination(reaching n miss for things)

• spasticity(neurologically, muscle tightness)

• impairment of (numbness/pain/temp/touch sense)

•  Ataxia (reaching n missing– coordination)

• Tremor (hand)

• Speech disturbance (slurring)

•  Bladder/Bowl | Sexual dysfunction

• Depression (higher rates// diagnosis/ lost myelin so it loses the mood)

•  Fatigue (very early on/very tired)

What are the Diagnostic Categories for MS?

Define MS: consistent/ MRI n see the white matter lost/ age range / rule out other possible things (absence of other more likely neurological explanation)

Probable MS: common/relapsing remaining symptoms/ not able to doc them, not seeing the signs/ something in the brain it could be a MS lesions-moderate relapsing remitting symptoms (absence of other more likely neurological explanation)

Possible MS: MRI does not see any white matter lesions/ reporting history of symptoms | No sign of white matter lesions | (absence of other more likely neurological explanation)

Recap about MS is about…

• Ventricle 

• Plaques/ white matter tracts  

• Optic neuritis - visions problems - connecting the eye to the brain

• Spinal cord demyelination - lesion

The possible treatment about MS…?

No cure: symptoms focus - it will become worst if the body is hot

• Fatigue, stiffness, pain

  • E.g: steroids, muscle relaxants, antidepressants // non drug light exercise/cool shower fatigue 

• corticosteroid/ attack reduce inflammation/speed up recovery → provide for flare up

  • Side effect/ don’t slow disease progression 

• DMD Disease Modifying Drugs: change the natural progression of MS→ slow the destruction of the WHITE Matter 

What is ALS?

Movement issue | affect gray matter | the life span of having this is about 3-5 years as it progressive over time till death

• CNS upper motor neurons - betz cells 

  • Pre central gyrus  – is where you loss 

•  lower motor neurons in the brain 

Who gets ALS?

base on sex - male have higher risk compare to females

sporadic → very common 85-95% are due to unknown causes/ no genetic link

familiar: genetic part 10-15%

what are common symptoms for ALS?

Onset: spread to the rest of the body

• Limb(s, → muscle weakness start here– muscle weakness ! 

• bulbar → voice become weak/ speech/ voice become soft

• Muscles

  • Weakness (Atrophy), cramping, stiff/tight, twitches(eye twitching “anxieity”-- Fasciculation), dysarthria(motor speech) 

• chewing/dysphagia → motor 

• Breathing → lung contraction become weak/ unable to eat

• hyperflexia (loss of the control of the it)/gag reflex/ babinski (leg)

what are the common Neuropsychological for ALS?

Which of the following symptoms is not typically associated with a anterior TIA?

Neglect

Patients with ALS may experience dysphagia, which is a problem with __________?

Swallowing

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis affects upper motor neurons found in the brain and lower motor neurons found in the peripheral nervous system that connects the spinal cord to the muscles. 

true

Multiple sclerosis results from the loss of:

white matter in the central nervous system

Hypoxia is a complete lack of oxygen/blood to the brain and may result from a severe heart attack.

true

Which of the following terms is used to describe a stroke that results from the build up of fat or cholesterol on the inner wall of a blood vessel

Thrombotic

The neuropsychological symptoms associated with a stroke typically depend on the location and severity of the stroke.

true

Roughly __________ of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis display some degree of measurable cognitive impairment.

50%

What would be your diagnosis if you saw a patient with multiple sclerosis who showed an initial pattern of relapse-remitting MS followed by a pattern of progressive disability later in the course of the disease?

Secondary progressive MS

As discussed in class, what percentage of MS patients experience cognitive impairment?

40-65%