Anatomy Exam 1

Anatomy

study of form and structure

Physiology

study of the function of body parts

Cytology

study of cellular anatomy

Histology

study of body tissue

Gross Anatomy

visible to the unaided eye

Systemic Anatomy

anatomy of each functional body system

Surface Anatomy

body structure related to the skin covering

Atoms and molecules

Ex: DNA & RNA

Tissue

groups of similar cells performing common functions

Organ

two or more tissue types work together to perform a specific function

Level of Organization

Chemical-Cellular-Tissue-Organ-Organ System

Proximal

closer to the center of the body

Distal

farther away from the center of the body

Receptor

detects stimulus

Control Center

interprets the input and stimulates change

Negative feedback

most common, moves in the opposite direction of stimulus

Positive Feedback

response reinforces original stimulus

Radiography

beam of radiation, dense tissue ex: bone

Ultrasound

high-frequency sound waves, organ structure

CT

low-intensity X-ray, sliced image

MRI

visualizes soft tissue

Isotopes

sames number of protons and electrons, different atomic mass

Nuteral pH

7

Acid

produces H+, anion

Base

accepts H+

Emulsion

mixture of water and non polar liquid

Suspension

large components, unmixed

Colloid

smaller components, mixed

Nucleic Acids

stores and transfers genetic information

Proteins

composed of many amino acids

Oxidation

loses a electron

Reduction

gaines electrons

Enzyme

decreases activation energy, binds to substrate

Krebs cycle produces

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH

Cytosol

intracellular fluid

Cell membrane is amde mostly of

phospholipids

Intergral proteins

extend completely across phospholipid bilayer

Peripheral proteins

not embedded within the lipid bilayer

D5w tonicity

hypotonic

Sodium Chloride tonicity

hypertonic

Normal Saline tonicity

isotonic

Sodium potassium pump

moves 3 NA+ out, moved 2 K+ in, requires 1 ATP

Vesicular Transport

moves large substances

RMP

electrical charge difference across the plasma membrane

Golgi Apparatus

modify, packages, and stores proteins

Lysosomes

formed from golgi apparatus & breaks down molecules entering cells

Internal fluid of Mitochondria

Matrix

Ribosome

performs protein synthesis with proteins and RNA

Translation

occurs in the cytoplasm, RNA builds a proteins

Transcription

formation of RNA from DNA

Epithelial Tissue

provide physical protection, sensation, and permeability

Epethilial tissue is classified by

cell shape and number of layers

Simple epithelial

one layer

Stratified epithelial

more than one layer

Squamous shape

thin/flat

Cuboidal shape

round/square

Columnar shape

tall

Connective tissue

provide framework

Cartilage contains

collagen fibers and elastic protein fibers

Hyaline cartilage

most common, provides flexible support

Fibro Cartilage

weight-bearing caritlage