Electrolyte Osmolarity Regulation

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64 Terms

1

Electrolyte

Any ion that can hold a charge

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2

Osmolarity

Measures concentration per volume (kg)

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3

Osmolality

Measures concentration per weight (kg)

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4

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

Produces excess antidiuretic hormone leading to water retention and Na loss, dropping osmolarity

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5

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/ Vasopressin

Regulates water and electrolyte balance; synthesized in hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary gland

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6

Dehydration

Involves ADH and SIADH, causing retention of ALL water in tissues

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7

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

Controlled by aldosterone, allows Na reabsorption but K loss, with water following Na

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8

Hyponatremia

Weakness, fatigue, muscle paralysis, coma due to low Na <135 mmol/L

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9

Hypokalemia

Weakness, fatigue, muscle paralysis, coma due to low K <3.5 mmol/L

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10

Hypernatremia

Confusion, twitching, numbness, cardiac arrhythmia due to high Na >145 mmol/L

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11

Hyperkalemia

Confusion, twitching, numbness, cardiac arrhythmia due to high K >5.5 mmol/L

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12

Divalent cations

Ions with a 2+ valence, e.g., Ca2+ and Mg2+, contributing to neurologic, muscle function, and bone development

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13

Hypomagnesemia

Symptoms include seizures, weakness, and tetany (involuntary muscle contraction)

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14

Hypermagnesemia

Symptoms include nephrolithiasis, diabetes insipidus, depression, weakness, and gastrointestinal issues

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15

Chloride (Cl)

Most abundant extracellular anion, follows Na; important in osmotic pressure

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16

Cl shifts

Cl exchanges for HCO3 to regulate pH and electrical neutrality

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17

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

Large factor in osmotic pressure, linked to chloride shifts

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18

Lactate

Balances and maintains electrical neutrality; produced during anaerobic glycolysis

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19

Lactate prescence

anaerobic glycolysis, insulin 0, insulin insensitivity high

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20

Anion Gap (AG) ratio

High insensitivity, reflects unmeasured anions balancing cations in blood

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21

AG ratio formula

cation-anion

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22

Elevated AG ratio

more unmeasured anions in blood, something is not being measured

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23

Mercury (Hg)

No identified use in human physiology, poisoning leads to neurologic side effects targeting the CNS

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24

Lead (Pb)

Exposure leads to neurologic damage, coma, rashes, and death; around 10 microliters can poison a child

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25

Blood Lead Level (BLL)

Measures Pb in a sample using mass spec method

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26

Ferrous

Fe2+ is what we absorb and use for biochemical reactions

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27

Copper (Cu)

Reduces Fe to aid heme synthesis; excess leads to various pathologies

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28

Arsenic (As)

Common in seafood, exposure causes acute and chronic issues; treated with activated charcoal or chelating agents

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29

Vitamins ADEKB12

Stored in the liver, fat soluble

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30

Thiamine

Stored in erythrocytes

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31

Ferric

Fe3+ is used for storage in the body

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32

Fe deficiency anemia (IDA)

not enough Fe to put in centers of protoporphyrin ix, cannot make heme to provide O2

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33

Fe overload

trying to turn Fe into abundance, resulting in Fe in tissues, DNA damage, carcinogens, neurologic damage

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34

Wilsons disease

increased ceruloplasmin, not necessarily Cu

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35

vitamin b12

bind with intrinsic factor to keep it safe in intestine to bind to receptors that recognize only the b12 intrinsic factor complex

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36

vitamin C

water soluble antioxidant blocks free radicals

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37

vitamin c folate (B9)

lipid chains are clipped by 2 via beta oxidation, this clips the remaining one in cases of odd chains

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38

folate deficiency

causes megaloblastic anemia just like B12 without the neurologic damage

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39

calcitonin

puts Ca in bones, drops Ca levels

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40

Vitamin D

increases total Ca levels and conserves Ca in kidneys to absorb more in gut to increase body Ca

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41

PTH serum

increases [Ca] by taking it Ca from bones, great short term, increases osteoporosis chance long term

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42

mechanisms for hypercalcemia malignancy

tumors release PTH related peptides and osteolytic metastases

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43

acidic

rich in hydrogen ions

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44

hypoxia

general term that we are breathing less oxygen

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45

hypoxemia

have low levels of oxygen in blood, can have it even when breathing normal amounts

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46

alkalosis

pCO2 is decreased or HCO3 is increased

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47

ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid in normal pH

1:20

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48

pH range

7.35-7.45

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49

metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

too much H+, breathe quicker so more CO2 escapes, decrease pCO2

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50

metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation

lacking H+, breathe slower, H+ accumulates, drops pH

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51

Respiratory compensation

lungs response to stabilize acid base disturbance by controlling pCO2 in blood

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52

Respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation

increase HCO3, kidneys increase secretion of H+ to bind NH3 to become NH4

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53

Respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation

decrease HCO3, breathe to fast to lose CO2 and pass out, breathing returns to normal before kidneys compensate

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54

metabolic compensation

kidneys response to acid base disturbance by controlling HCO3 in blood

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55
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56

O2 dissociation curve

affinity changes between o2 and hemoglobin to release O2

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57

alkylosis O2 dissociation curve

goes left, o2 binds more readily

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58

acidosis o2 disassociation curve

peripheral tissues curve goes right, facilitates O2 unloading

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59

blood gases measures:

pO2, pCO2, and pH, HCO3 is calculated

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60

metabolic compensation controls

bicarbonate concentration

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61

metabolic compensation occurs

a few days

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62

respiratory concentration controls

pCO2 concentration

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63

respiratory compensation occurs

immediately

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64

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