MBHS Unit 5: Mental and Physical Health

Eustress

A positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach a goal

Distress

negative stress

General Adaptation Syndrome

Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion

Alarm GAS stage

occurs when stress is encountered (fight-flight-freeze response)

Resistance GAS stage

You try to cope by focusing your energy on the task

Exhaustion GAS stage

The body's organs and immune system become weakened and damaged.

tend and befriend

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

problem focused coping

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

emotion focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Adverse childhood experiences (ACES)

Stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect, and a range of household dysfunction, such as witnessing domestic violence or growing up with substance abuse, mental disorders, parental discord, or crime in the home.

Deviant

differing from the norm

Distressful

behavior that prevents a person from thinking clearly or making rational decisions

Dysfunctional

not operating normally or properly

Biopsychosocial theory

the theory that the interaction of biological, psychological, and cultural factors influences our mental health

International Classification System of Mental Disorders

Developed by The World Health Organization to classify mental disorders

diathesis-stress model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

DSM-5-TR

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, Text Revision

Behavioral Perspective

An approach to the study of psychology that focuses on the role of learning in explaining observable behavior.

Psychodynamic Perspective

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Humanistic Perspective

the psychological view that assumes the existence of the self and emphasizes the importance of self-awareness and the freedom to make choices

Cognitive Perspective

A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior

Evolutionary Perspective

how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes

Sociocultural Perspective

perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture

Biological Perspective

view that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems

Post traumatic stress disorder

characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Bipolar 1 Disorder

a type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes

Bipolar 2 Disorder

a disorder characterized by alternating periods of extremely depressed and mildly elevated moods

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

Dopamine Hypothesis

the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity

Positive Symptoms

Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas.

Negative Symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are marked by deficits in functioning, such as apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement

Delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Catatonia

state of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time

Flat Affect

a lack of emotional responsiveness

Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

a chronic form of unipolar depression marked by ongoing and repeated symptoms of either major or mild depression

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Obsession

an unwanted thought or image that takes control of the mind

Compulsion

uncontrollable urge to perform an act repeatedly

Hoarding Disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

Agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

Specific Phobia

a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function

Social Anxiety Disorder

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

Ataque de nervios

a self-labeled syndrome found in Latinos in which they experience a mixture of anxiety, panic, depression, and anger

Taijin Kyofusho

a form of social anxiety common in Japan involving a fear of offending or embarrassing others with one's odor, eye contact, or appearance.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities

Dissociative Amnesia

Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

Dissociative Fugue

disorder in which one travels away from home and is unable to remember details of his past, including often his identity

Cluster A Personality Disorders

odd or eccentric

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

Paranoid Personality Disorder

type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

Schizoid Personality Disorder

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by several traits that cause problems interpersonally, including constricted or inappropriate affect; magical or paranoid thinking; and odd beliefs, speech, behavior, appearance, and perceptions

Cluster B Personality Disorders

dramatic, emotional, erratic

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Disregard for the rights of others,

Manipulative, deceitful behavior,

Lack of empathy or remorse for harmful actions,

Impulsive behavior

Histrionic Personality Disorder

a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration

Borderline Personality Disorder

a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; intense fear of abandonment

Cluster C Personality Disorders

Anxious, fearful

avoidant, dependent, obsessive compulsive

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

Dependent Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of.

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

a group of conditions manifested early in development that are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning

ADHD

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior.

Therapy ethical standards

nonmaleficence, fidelity, integrity, respect for the rights of others

Free Association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Manifest Content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

Latent Content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

Client Centered Therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

Active Listening

Empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

Unconditional Positive Regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Cognitive Restructuring

a therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

Fear hierarchies

feared objects, activities or situations are ranked according to difficulty. They begin with mildly or moderately difficult exposures, then progress to harder ones.

cognitive triad

The three forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people to feel depressed. The triad consists of a negative view of one's experiences, oneself, and the future.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

cognitive-behavioral intervention aimed at teaching problem-solving skills, interpersonal skills, and skill at managing negative emotions

Systematic Desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

Aversive Conditioning

a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus

Token Economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

Biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

Antipsychotics

a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of schizophrenia and other disorders that involve psychosis

Tardive Dyskenisia

Shaking and involuntary movements side effect of treatment with early antipsychotic drugs

Antianxiety medication

medication that reduces anxiety via depression of central nervous system activity

Antidepressants

drugs that combat depression by affecting the levels or activity of neurotransmitters in the brain

Mood stabilizers

drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders (commonly used-lithium)

Light Exposure therapy

therapy that involves a timed daily dose of intense light; used for SAD

Electroconvulsive Therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

a treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain

Psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Group Therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction