Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 15- Cardiovascular System

what is the role of a functional cardiovascular system

supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing wastes from them

The ____ is the strongest muscle in the body

heart

What is the right side of the heart responsible for?

pumping blood into your lungs and oxygenating it

What is the left side of the heart responsible for?

distributing oxygenated blood throughout the body

The heart is actually a ___-barreled, __-chambered pumper

2 ; 4

The two sides of the heart (do/do not) work independently

do not

What causes the lubb dubb sounds of the heart

the closing of the tricuspid and mitral valves and semilunar valves

Where is the heart located?

underneath the mediastinum

a hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump located within the mediastinum of the thorax and resting upon the diaphragm

heart

the outer most layer of the covering of the heart

fibrous pericardium

a double layer that covers the heart and turns back upon itself to form another layer of the heart's covering

visceral pericardium

covering of the heart that is formed by the folding of the visceral pericardium

parietal pericardium

covering of the heart made of tough, white fibrous connective tissue

pericardium

space between the parietal and visceral layers

pericardial cavity

serous fluid secreted by the pericardial membranes that reduces friction between the pericardial membranes as the heart moves inside

pericardial fluid

outer covering of the walls of the heart; protective layer; consists of connective tissue covered by epithelium, blood, and lymph capillaries, nerve fibers, some fat, and coronary arteries and veins which provide blood flow through the middle layer

epicardium

middle layer of the wall of the heart; thick and consists of muscle tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chambers; pumps 70 ml of blood with each contraction

myocardium

layer of the walls of the heart that contains blood vessels and specialized cardiac muscle fibers called Purkinje fibers; forms a protective inner lining or chambers and valves; is also continuous with the inner lining of blood vessels attached to the heart

endocardium

The heart has _______ circulation (or 2 pathways thata blood leaving the heart maay go)

double

circulation that takes blood to the lungs

pulmonary

circulation that takes blood to the rest of the body

systemic

circulation that takes blood to nourish the heart

coronary

Chamber that collects blood from veins

right atrium

Name the three places the right atrium receives blood from

superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

chamber that pumps the blood into the lungs via the left pulmonary artery

right ventricle

chamber that fills with blood from the lungs

left atrium

chamber that pumps the O2 rich blood into the systemic circulation

left ventricles

chambers through which blood enters the heart

atria

chambers through which the blood leaves the heart

ventricles

what happens if a septum does not close at birth and cells don't get enough O2

hole in heart

chambers that have thin walls and receive blood returning to the heart

atria

small earlike projections that extend from the atria and form the walls of the atria

auricles

chambers that force the blood out of the heart into the arteries

ventricles

separates the right and left atria

interatrial spetum

separates the two ventricles

interventricular septum

opening in which the atria communicates with its corresponding ventricle; opening is guarded by the AV valve

atrioventricular orifice

form separations that mark the four chambers

atrioventricular and interventricular sulci

guards the atrioventricular orifice between the right atrium and the right ventricle

tricuspid valve

permits blood to move from the right atrium into the right ventricle and doesn't allow it to move in the opposite direction

tricuspid valve

extends inward from the ventricular walls of the heart and attaches to the chordae tendeinae

papillary muscles

prevents the cusps from swinging back into the atrium

papillary muscles and chordae tendinae

place where deoxygenated blood is pumped via the pulmonary trunk

left and right pulmonary arteries

guards the base of the pulmonary trunk; opens as the right ventricle contracts

pulmonary valves

the left atrium receives blood from lungs via ___ pulmonary veins

4

guards the left atrioventricular orifice; prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle when the ventricle contracts

bicuspid (mitral) valve

the left ventricle pumps blood by way of the ______ into systemic circulation

aorta

guards the base of the aorta

aortic valve

consists of fibrous rings that enclose the bases of the pulmonary artery, aorta, and artrioventricular orifices

skeleton of the heart

fibrous rings that provide attachments for valves and muscle fibers and prevent orifices from excessively dilating during ventricular contractions

skeleton of the heart

Trace the path of blood through the heart

venae cavae & coronary sinus; right atrium; tricuspid valve; right ventricle; pulmonary valve; pulmonary trunk; right and left pulmonary arteries; lungs; pulmonary veins; left atrium; bicuspid (mitral) valve; left ventricle; aortic valve; aorta; systemic or coronary circulation

when extentive blockage of O2 to the heart occurs and kills cardiac muscles

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

atrial contraction

systole

ventricular contraction

diastole

ventricular systole followed by atrial diastole

cardiac cycle

a mass of merging cells that contract as a unit

functional syncytium

the heart muscles beats ....

on its own without external stimulation from the nervous system

pacemaker region in the heart

SA node

located in the upper corner of the right atrium and is the sight of a wave of contractions that spread through both atria via the gap junctions linking cardiac muscle cells

SA node

a region of connective tissue that has a special bundle of conducting fibers that conduct the impulse to the lower regions of the ventricles at A-V bundle & Purkinje fibers which then contract smoothly to force blood up & out through semilunar valves

A-V node

what is the normal heart beat at rest

60-80 (beats/min)

fast heartbeat

tachycardia

slow heartbeat

brachycardia

Name the types of blood vessels

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

trace the path of the cardiac conduction system

SA node, atrial syncytium, junctional fibers, AV node, A-V bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, ventricular syncytium

vessels that carry blood away from the heart; thick walled; 3 layers of tissue on outer layer; tough and elastic

arteries

Because of blood surges, blood flows into smaller vessels called...

arterioles

layer of simple squamous epithelium, called endothelium, is rich in elastic & collagenous fibers, provides a smooth surface that allows blood cells & platelets to flow through without being damaged, help prevent blood clotting

tunica interna

thicker in arteries than veins, includes smooth muscle fibers, has elastic connective tissue so vessel can dilate if needed

tunica media

vessel layer that is thin & consists of connective tissue with irregular elastic & collagenous fibers; this layer attaches to surrounding tissues

tunica externa

smallest blood vessels; connect smallest arterioles & the smallest venules

capillaries

three ways that capillary exchange happens

diffusion, osmosis, and filtration

smaller vessels located near the end of the capillary circulation

venules

larger vessels that carry blood back to the heart; and have much more pressure than other vessels

veins