ORAL COM FIRST HALF

Wood (2004)

Communication as defined by _____ is a systematic process in which individuals interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings. Wood’s definition suggests the qualities that are inherent in communication.

Rogers (1996, 2000)

Communication as defined by ____ is a process in which participants create information with one another to reach mutual understanding.

Gerbner (1967)

For ________, communication is a “social interaction through messages.”

Stevens (1950)

For ____, communication is “the discriminatory response of organism to a stimulus.”

Berelson & Steiner (1964)

________ defined communication as “the transmissions of information, ideas, emotions, skills, etc., by the use of symbols – words, pictures, figures, graphs, etc.

Cronkhite (1976)

For _____, “human communication has occurred when a human being responds to a symbol.”

giving and receiving information

Communication is the process of __________ between a human source and a human receiver using words, symbols, and actions.

Communication is a PROCESS

 refers to the transmission or passage of information or message from the sender through a selected

channel to the receiver overcoming barriers that affect its pace.

 It is creative, continuing condition of life, a process that changes as the communicator’s environments

and needs change.

 Many words have become obsolete, trite, or altered in their meanings

 while new words have evolved

Communication is SYSTEMATIC

 It occurs within systems of interrelated and interacting parts.

 The communication process involves many parts of a larger system including:

Communication is SYMBOLIC

 Symbols, verbal or non-verbal, are the basis of language

 It involves a sound (word), a mark, an action / behavior, a picture which represents something

Communication involves MEANINGS

 Meanings are assigned, given or invented, not received

 It is the production of meaning rather than the production of messages that identifies communication

1. speaker/sender

2. message

3. medium

4. channel

5. listener/receiver

6. context

7. feedback

8. noise

What are the elements of communication

senders

an element of communication that conveys messages by converting their thoughts into symbols of observable signals such as words

codification

the process of conveying messages by converting thoughts into symbols of observable signals such as words

receivers

an element that hears the signals and convert the symbols into their thoughts

decoding, deciphering, or interpretation

the process of hearing the signals and converting the symbols into their thoughts

messages

these are the ideas or thoughts that are transmitted from sender to receiver

schema/field of experience

the culture and experience together are called ___

symbols

observable signals transmitted from sender to receiver. can be spoken, read, seen, or felt

verbal

when symbols come in the form of utterances coming from the mouth of a speaker, they are considered _____

nonverbal

if symbols come from body movements other than that of the mouth they’re considered as _________

channel

refers to the medium through which the message is sent

noise

anything that reduces the quality of signal sent by the sender through the channel, weakening the communication between sender and receiver

feedback

the message transmitted by the receiver in response to the message of the speaker

1. intrapersonal

2. interpersonal

types of communication

intrapersonal comm.

a communicator’s internal use of language or thought. occurs in the mind of the individual in a model which contains a sender, receiver, and feedback loop

interpersonal comm.

it is communication between a min. of two parties in which meaningful exchange is intended with the sender trying to effect a response from a person or group

Communication models

are systematic representations of the process which helps in understanding how communication works can be done

Aristotle’s Model (300 B.C.), Laswell’s Modelof Communication, Shannon & Weaver Communication Model, David Berlo’s SMCR Model, and Schramm’s Model.

enumerate the basic models of communication

Speaker —→ Speech ——> Occasion —→ Audience —→ Effect

Aristotle’s communication model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be broadly divided into 5 primary elements (in order):???

logos

• soundness of argument

• uses facts, statistics, examples and authoritative statements

pathos

• emotional power of language

• appealing to readers’ needs, values, and attitudes thru word choice

ethos

• credibility and integrity

• presenting a logical, reasoned argument that takes opposing views into account

• establishing character

pros: organized speech, shows importance of speaker’s roles in comm., useful for pub. speaking

cons: no direct feedback, no concept of comm. failure, only applicable for pub. speaking

pros and cons of Aristotle’s model

linear

Laswell’s communication model is a ____ model

Laswell’s comm. model

a comm. model that is straightforward and tells you that communication originates from someone, their message flows through a channel, either through sound waves or light waves, and that someone on the other end receives the message with a corresponding effect.

WHO —→ SAYS WHAT —-→ IN WHICH CHANNEL —→ TO WHOM —→ WITH WHAT EFFECT

laswell’s comm. model order

pros: it is easy and simple, it suits almost all types of communication, the concept of effect

cons: Feedback not mentioned, Noise not mentioned, Linear model

pros and cons of laswell’s comm. model

SHANNON and WEAVER’S COMMUNICATION MODEL

a comm. model that incorporates the concept of noise, which

is anything that interferes with the message

Shannon-weaver’s comm. model

David Berlo’s comm. model

a comm. model where communication is an open process, which means that messages sent and received are open to various interpretations and based on context and the culture of the receiver.

David Berlo’s Comm. Model

OSGOOD- SCHRAMM MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

This model suggests that communication is something circular in nature where both the sender and receiver are involved in the encoding and decoding, and are equal partners in exchange process.