Gov 8.1-8.2

Spoils System

The firing of public-office holders of a defeated political party to replace them with loyalists of the newly elected party (Jackson)

Patronage

Jobs, grants, or other special favors that are given as rewards to friends and political allies for their support.

merit system

A system of employment based on qualifications, test scores, and ability, rather than party loyalty (Hayes)

Pendleton Act

also known as the Civil Service reform Act ; Reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of open, competitive exams and created the Civil Service Commission; Public reaction to Garfield's death and increasing criticism of the spoils system prompted Congress to pass this

civil service system

The merit system by which many federal bureaucrats are selected

independent regulatory commission

An entity created by Congress outside a major executive department. Commission members are appointed by the president and hold their jobs for fixed terms, but the president cannot remove them unless they fail to uphold their oaths of office.

departments

Major administrative units with responsibility for a broad area of government operations. Departmental status usually indicates a permanent national interest in a particular governmental function, such as defense, commerce, or agriculture

independent executive agencies

Governmental units that closely resemble a Cabinet department but have narrower areas of responsibility and perform services rather than regulatory functions, NASA, EPAl

government corporations

Businesses established by Congress to perform functions that private businesses could provide

Hatch Act

The 1939 act to prohibit civil servants from taking activist roles in partisan campaigns. This act prohibited federal employees from making political contributions, working for a particular party, or campaigning for a particular candidate.

Federal Beuracracy

The thousands of federal government agencies and institutions that implement and administer federal laws and programs.

Bureaucrats

the appointed officials who operate government agencies from day to day

APPOINTIVE POLICY MAKING POSITIONS

NOT covered by the Civil Service system; About 3,500 people make up this group, with about 1,200 of them being subjected to Senate confirmation. They are responsible for appointing high-level policy-making assistants.

"Schedule C" political appointees

Appointees that are responsible for appointed high level policy making assistants who form the top of the bureaucratic hierarchy

INDEPENDENT REGULATORY COMMISSIONERS

NOT covered by the Civil Service system; Each president can appoint as many as 100, and they become independent of his direct influence once they are in office.; an entity created by Congress outside a major executive department

LOW LEVEL NON PATRONAGE POSITIONS

NOT covered by the Civil Service system; These positions concern administrative assistants to policy makers.

Average age

50 Years Old

Average length of service

15-20 years

Types of jobs included

Forest rangers, FBI agents, foreign service officers, computer programmers, security guards, librarians, administrators, engineers, plumbers, lawyers, doctors, postal carriers, and zoologists.

Washington DC impact

There are about 303,000 federal workers found in Washington DC.

Where the "rest" are located

The rest are located in regional, state, and local offices scattered throughout the country.

Original Cabinet Positions

1789 - Secretary of State; Secretary of the Treasury; Secretary of War; Attorney General; brought about during Washington's presidency.

Andrew Jackson

Upgraded post office, promoted postmaster general to Cabinet rank

Abe Lincoln

created the department of agriculture

Pension Office (1866)

Pay benefits to the thousands of Union veterans who fought in the war

ICC (1887)

Interstate Commerce Commission, a federal regulatory agency that governed over the rules and regulations of the railroading industry. first program

Teddy Roosevelt

wanted to establish and oversee employer-employee relations by preventing some of the cruel work conditions big companies had been forcing workers to endure just because they had the power to. He wanted to help control increasing monopolies and prevent the suffering of workers.

FTC

Federal Trade Commission; protects small business and the public from unfair competition (Wilson)

Ratification of the 16th Amendment (1913)

gave congress the authority to implement a federal income tax to supplement the national treasury and provided a huge infusion of funds to support new federal agencies, services, and programs

GI Bill (Government issue)

law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations

EEOC

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Enforces laws to prevent unfair treatment on the job due to sex, race, color, religion, national origin, disability, or age (LBJ)

HUD

Department of Housing and Urban Development

General Schedule

A schedule for federal employees, ranging from GS 1 to GS 18, by which salaries can be keyed to rating and experience.

Social Security Administration

A branch of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services which provides benefits for retirement, survivors. insurance, disability, health insurance, and death.

Graying if federal workforce

Aging of government jobs (old people)

Presidential Management Fellows Program

1977 hire and train future managers and executives

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, a government agency in the Department of Labor to maintain a safe and healthy work environment

Department of State

Plans and carries out the nation's foreign policy

Department of Homeland Security

US federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism: largest department

Four categories of agencies

1. cabinet departments
2. government corporations
3. independent executive agencies
4. independent regulatory commissions

secretary

an official in charge of a department of government

operation neptune spear

the mission to capture bin Laden

wilson

increased role of gov in people's lives by dividing the Department of Commerce and Labor; also created the Federal Trade Commision to protect small businesses and the public from big businesses.

NLRB,FCC,SEC

Examples of Independent Regulatory Comissions

FDIC and TVA

Examples of Government Coporations

What happened from 1816 to 1861:

the size of the federal executive branch and the bureaucracy grew as existing departments faced increased demand and new departments were created. The Post Office had to grow to meet the needs of the growing population and Andrew Johnson even made postmaster general a Cabinet rank.

What was the source of many jobs?

Postal system

What did the postal system have Jackson doing?

began appointing friends and loyalists to this position as a form of patronage and firing officials of the opposing party to replace them with his fans through the spoils system.

What happened to the size of the government during the CIVIL WAR:

Lincoln added thousands of new government employees to departments. It also spawned the need for agencies to respond to poor harvest and distribution problems, leading to the formation of the Department of Agriculture. It also created a Pension Office to pay for benefits for veterans.

How did the growth of COMMERCE lead to an expansion of the size of the government:

the government created the ICC and other agencies to manage and regulate the growing commerce.

16 ammendment

congress has power to impose a tax on people's income

How does testing for Bureaucrats work

Testing for these jobs usually involves a written test for lower levels of the U.S. Civil Service. Middle and upper levels submit resumes online where they are ranked by personnel departments and then a candidate is chosen from those who are qualified.

Turn over issues

Many people leave government security jobs with the homeland security for better jobs and opportunities outside the government sector.

federal bureaucrats

are career government employees who work in Cabinet- level departments and independent agencies that comprise more than 2000 bureaus, divisions, branches, offices, services, and other subunits of the Federal government

FDR

created hundreds of new government agencies to regulate business practices and various aspects of the national economy.

Lyndon B. Johnson

great society program prodcued additional growth in the bureaucracy.

EEOC

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Enforces laws to prevent unfair treatment on the job due to sex, race, color, religion, national origin, disability, or age.

What do most federal employees work for?

over on quarter of all civilillan employees work in the US postal service making it the nations second largest employer behind walmart.

cabinet departments

* **responsibility for conducting broad areas of government operations**

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government corporation

* **most recent addition to the bureaucracy.** 
* **they are businesses established by Congress to perform functions that private businesses could provide.**
* **often form when the financial incentives for private industry to provide services are minimal.**

independent executive agencies

* **Closely resemble Cabinet departments but have narrower areas of responsibility.**
* **independent agencies perform services rather than regulatory functions**

independent regulatory commissions

**are agencies created by Congress to exist outside the major departments and regulate a specific economic activity or i**