208 Test 2

Broadbent’s filter theory is an example of

Early selection models, because the bottleneck was before high level/semantic processing

Cherry’s cocktail party theory is evidence for which model?

Broadbent’s filter theory of attention

Where did Broadbent’s filter theory discard unattended information

During/after the filter

Gary & Wedderburn (1960) Moray (1959) Triesman (1960) are all evidence for which attention theory?

Intermediate model – Triesman’s (1964) Attenuation model

Mackay (1973) Unconscious priming (e.g., backwards masking tasks; Marcel,1983) are all evidence for:

Late selection models (e.g., Deutch & Deutch, 1963)

Where did Deutch & Deutch argue the ‘bottleneck’ was for attention in their model?

At memory/response

Every model has evidence in some format, what is one model that accounts for how we “select” models?

Perceptual load theory (Lavie, 1995; 2005)

How did treisman suggest you could reduce binding errors?

attention

‘The same structural and spatial representation as the thing being represented’ is known as ___ mental imagery. ‘Propositions are abstract, symbolic representations of knowledge’ is known as ___ mental imagery.

Analog, propositional

What are the two stages of Feature Integration Theory?

Pre-attentive stage and focused attention stage

What is Kosslyn’s analog/depictive theory?

Mental images preserve structural and spatial properties of real objects

How would a person with Aphantasia perform when judging whether an imaginary tree is wider than tall?

Normal accuracy but slower responses due to lack of depictive imagery

What working memory subsystem does the “inner eye” relate to?

visuospatial sketchpad

Which of the following is an example of rehearsal?

All of the above

What is perceptual load?

The amount of perceptual processing required by the relevant task

What are examples of free floating features in feature integration theory?

shape, size, colour

in preattentive phase, processing occurs __________, in focused attention phase, processing occurs ________

in parallel, serially

If something is represented analog as suggested by kosslyn, how would it be represented?

same structural and spatial representation as the distal object

I use language to tell you “the pen is on the desk by the water bottle”, what imagery theory does this most closely align with?

Pylyshyn’s prepositional

Pylyshyn’s main critique of kosslyn was that analog theory would require an inner perceiver, also known as the infinate regress problem. What is the modern view about this?

mental depictions are represented neurally and do not require an inner perceiver, they are representative patterns of activity generated without input

In Marcel (1983)’s unconscious priming/ backwards masking task, what did the ‘strategy’ subjects show?

similar responses across all three categories; and were removed from data

In Marcel (1983)’s unconscious priming/ backwards masking task, in the ‘passive’ subjects, which category had the highest performance?

reporting if the stimulus word had semantic similarity to the word presented after the mask

What was the main finding of Marcel (1983)’s backwards masking task?

We process information unconsciously

Deutch & Deutch argue we process:

all information

In Grey & Wedderburn, 1960, what was found in their split-span listening task?

People put information together with semantic relevance from the unattended ear, indicating we must take semantic information into account earlier than Broadbent suggested

In Moray (1959)’s split span task, what did people extract from the unattended ear

their own name 33% of the time

The mental imagery debate discusses two opposing theories: _______ that suggests representations preserve structural and spatial properties of what they represent, and ________, which suggests representations are more abstract and symbolic

Depictive/ analog, Propositional

_________ is how much information a person can handle, _________ is the difficulty of a given task

processing capacity, perceptual load

In the feature integration theory, when are objects analysed into features?

pre-attentive phase

in the feature integration theory, what phase does binding occur?

focused attentive phase

According to Treisman & Shmidt in feature integration theory, what is the process called where free floating features such as motion, colour, form, and location are combined to make our perception of a coherent object?

binding

In the illusory conjunction task, what is suggested to be the primary cause of binding errors?

because participants attempted to spread their attention over the screen

what do visual search paradigms suggest about attention?

as display size increases, single feature search RT remains the same, and conjunction search RT increases, this faster processing suggests single features can be processed in parallel at the pre-attentive phase, but must be processed serially at the attentive phase in the conjunction search because you must bind the information.

Attention is a ______ and also _______.

filter, shapes perception by organising our world coherently

Which of the following is NOT an element of propositional theory?

spatial and structural information is preserved in a neural representation.

in the Kosslyn (1973)’s mental scanning study, what piece of the mental image was responded to slowest?

the opposite end of the image from where they were focusing on

in the Kosslyn (1973)’s mental scanning study, what report condition was fastest

the mental image condition

What was the alternate explanation of kosslyn’s mental scanning study?

Pylyshyn’s contrary propositional response suggested the scaling of response times was due to how far something is from its propositional representation from its point of focus, not the spatial representation.

In an experiment where Kosslyn asked participants if a rabbit had a short tail when asked to imagine the rabbit next to a fly or an elephant, which category did participants respond slowest in

The elephant condition, showing that mental images have picture like spatial properties

When Chalmers and Reisberg (1985) asked participants to draw an ambiguous image based on their mental depiction, what happened?

they could only draw one interperetation of it and failed to interpret it as ambiguous, showing ambiguous perception does not equal ambiguous mental imagery

In Ganis et al., (2004)’s neuroimaging study, what did they find different between the visual and mental imagery conditions?

They found a significant overlap of brain activity, with no additional areas active during the mental imagery condition and in the visual condition there was more activity in the occipital lobe during active perception.

How does Aphantasia affect visual search?

impairs response times, but not accuracy

What were the stores of memory william james proposed?

Primary memory and secondary memory

According to Atkinson & Shiffrin, rank each memory store in order of greatest to least capacity

Long term memory, sensory memory, short-term memory

in the Partial report procedure (Sperling, 1960), participants were told to report a line of letters based on a tone. what happened?

Participants could correctly recall the associated line with the tone, indicating we process a lot of information instantly but it quickly decays.

in the Capacity of iconic store (Sperling, 1960) experiment, participants were presented 12 letters breifly, how many could they report

typically 4-5, but participants reported seeing more letters than they could report

According to Atkinson & Shiffrin, what phase of memory is represented by a veridical copy?

sensory memory

According to Atkinson & Shiffrin, Which memory store decays the most rapidly?

sensory memory

According to Atkinson & Shiffrin, how long does short term memory last?

as long as the information is being rehearsed

According to Atkinson & Shiffrin, what is the main function of sensory memory?

take information in until it is processed

Which memory store is coded as an acoustic-articulatory code?

short term memory

Which memory store is coded semantically?

long term memory

which of the following is not an incorrect assumption fo the modal model of memory?

there is only one long term memory store that can be categorised into seperate modalities

According to Glanzer & Kunitz’s serial position effect, what is the difference between the primacy effect and the recency effect?

The primacy effect is initial information is stored in long term memory more efficiently, and the recency effect is the last pieces of information are still in working memory so they are easier to recall

According to Glanzer & Kunitz’s serial position effect, what happens to the recency and primacy effect as time increases?

recency effect declines but primacy effect is retained

According to Glanzer & Kunitz’s serial position effect, the primacy effect is retained longer than the recency effect, what is this considered evidence for?

the primary information has gone to long term memory, and the most recent decayed in working memory, which makes primary information easier to recall.

The Serial position effect (Murdock, 1962) provides evidence that:

we recall the primary and most recent words most readily, providing evidence for a modal model

What are the key differences in between atkinson & shiffrin’s short term memory and the Working memory model (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974)?

Short-term memory unimodally holds information for a brief period of time, but working memory is concerned with the storage, processing, and manipulation of information, and is active during complex cognition

________ recall is recalling things in the order they were presented, __________ recall is recalling them in any order.

serial, free

Murdock (1961) manipulated the number of chunks and visual elements on a screen. which of these options best describes the results?

single meaningful word/1 chunk performed best, with single pseudo-word, and three meaningful words condition performed equally well

Murdoch (1961) is considered evidence for the chunking hypothesis through which means?

the less “chunks” the better the memory performance, suggesting chunks determine recall performance, not the absolute number of letters.

Chase and Simon (1973) found that chess experts could recall viable chess boards better than inexperienced controls, but achieved equal performance to controls when the chess boards are non-viable. What does this suggest about chunking?

Expertise has a role in chunking

According to atkinson and shiffrin, if we _______ information in sensory memory, it moves to short term memory and is stored _______

attend to, as long as it is rehearsed

If we _______ info in short-term memory, it moves to long term memory and is stored _______

rehearse, permanently

According to atkinson & shiffrin, information in long-term memory is stored:

Semantically, in a single store, but it can be categorised into modalities

What is the main cause of forgetting in short term memory?

interference, but also decay

How is information primarily forgotten in long term memory?

it is not forgotten, but we may lose access

Sensory memory primarily forgets information through

decay

What is the serial position effect considered evidence for?

the modal model because of the ‘trough preformance’ with the primacy effect suggesting first numbers have gone to LTM, and the recency effect is those are still in the short-term memory, and decay as recall time increases.

What is the biggest difference between working memory and short-term memory?

working memory actively processes information and is modality dependant

What element of Baddely & Hitch (1974)’s working memory model most likely explains the facilitation of memory in the serial position effect?

central executive

The word length effect (Baddeley, 1975) that it is easier to recall a list of short words than long words is best evidence for which element of the working memory model?

phonological loop, because the longer it takes to say the words the more difficult it is to hold them in working memory

The effects of expertise on chunking can be explained by the:

episodic buffer

This element of working memory collects different peices of working memory and puts it together, holds and integrates information, and connects to ltm

Episodic buffer

This element of working memory focuses, divides, and allocates attention to relevant items, and plans sequences to accomplish goals

Central Executive

This element of working memory is also the format of representation information also took on in the short term memory model

Phonological loop

What happens during the articulatory suppression effect?

reduces recall, eliminates word length effect, and reduces phonological similarity effect because of auditory competition

What does the corsi block tapping task test?

working memory capacity

how many block sequences can healthy participants complete in the corsi block tapping task?

4-7 forwards and backwards

The fact participants can complete the corsi block-tapping task backwards successfully is evidence:

they can manipulate sequences with their visuospatial sketchpad

The dual-task paradigm (Baddeley & Hitch, 1976) found there was a reaction time cost (increased reaction time) when two tasks were presented rather than just one, but no accuracy cost. what is this evidence of?

the first condition was processed through phonological loop, and the reasoning task was processed by central executive, evidence that there are multiple working memory components adn disagreed with atkinson & shiffrin’s modular model

The dual-task paradigm (Baddeley & Hitch, 1976) reaction time _______ when two tasks were presented instead of one, and accuracy __________.

increased, stayed the same

What happens in the dual-task paradigm (Baddeley & Hitch, 1976) when both tasks load the same working memory component?

reaction time increases and accuracy decreases

What is the main premise of Craik & Tulving levels of processing theory?

Deeper processing facilitates better recall, not merely rehearsal.

What is the self-reference effect (rogers et al. 1997)

an extension on LOP theory, if you think about the word in relation to yourself, it massively improves recall. Why lectures have pauses for introspection

What is not a genuine critique of levels of processing theory?

Phonological processing is actually the deepest level of processing

What theory suggests recall depends on the overlap between encoding and retrieval processes

Transfer appropriate processing (TAP) (Morris et al. 1997)

If you encode something phonetically, LOP would suggest your recall would be _______ effective when asked to recall it phonetically rather than encoding it semantically, whereas TAP would suggest your recall would be _____ effective

less, more

What is encoding specificity (Tulving & Thompson, 1973)?

your recall is better when you are in the same context you learned the information in when you are tested on it

what did (Eich & Metcalfe, 1989) find in their study about encoding and retrival with emotions?

same emotional state in recall and encoding facilitates recall

Clive Wearing’s memory loss affecting episodic, but not semantic memory was a contradiction to which model?

The modal model, means long term memory has many components

What are the two elements of explicit memory?

semantic and episodic

Are semantic or episodic memories bound to a time and space?

episodic

what are the elements of implicit memory?

procedural, priming, and conditioning

What is a good example of procedural memory?

how to ride a bike

what do semantic memories start out as?

episodic memories

Patient KC could remember facts but not personal memories, which memory store is impaired?

Episodic

Patient LP remembers personal events, but not facts or meaning. which memory store is impaired?

Semantic

Patient HM had could not form new memories, but could learn new skills and habits. this is an example that:

his procedural memory was intact and his episodic memory was impaired

Together KC and LP are a double-dissasociation between ______ and _____ memory

Episodic and Semantic