The Fall of Rome and the Rise of Two Worlds

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Flashcards of key vocabulary terms and definitions from the lecture notes.

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53 Terms

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Vandals and Visigoths

Germanic tribes who invaded and helped bring down the Western Roman Empire.

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Byzantine Civilization

The Eastern Roman Empire that survived after the fall of Rome. Known for the Eastern Orthodox Church.

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Papacy

The political influence of the Pope and the Church's administrative authority.

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Latin Christendom

Western European society under the influence of the Catholic Church before the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation.

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Justinian

Byzantine emperor who later became a saint.

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Feudalism

A decentralized political system where local lords held power.

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Manorialism

The economic system during feudal times where peasants (serfs) lived on and worked land owned by a lord.

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Muhammad

The prophet and founder of Islam.

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Allah

The Islamic name for God.

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Islam

A monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad in Arabia.

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Mecca

Islam’s holiest city, Muhammad’s birthplace, and the destination for his pilgrimage.

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Medina

The city where Muhammad gained followers after being rejected in Mecca.

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Quran

The holy book of Islam.

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Muslims

Followers of Islam

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Jihad

Holy wars for the spread or defense of Islam.

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Muslim Golden Age

A flourishing period of intellectual, scientific, and cultural advancements for muslims.

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Yahweh

The Hebrew name for God in Judaism.

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Vassalage

The system where knights (vassals) pledged military service and loyalty to a higher-ranking lord.

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Liege homage

A formal oath of loyalty from a vassal to a single lord.

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Fiefdom

Land, often operating like a “mini-kingdom,” granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and military service.

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Hierarchy

The rigid social structure of medieval society—king at the top, followed by nobles, knights, and peasants.

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Monks

Religious men who preserved classical and Christian texts by copying them in Latin. Later helped translate texts into the vernacular.

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Normans

Vikings who settled in northern France and later invaded England.

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Charlemagne

The first Holy Roman Emperor.

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Holy Roman Emperor

the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire

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Carolingian Renaissance

A revival of learning, culture, and arts during Charlemagne’s reign.

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The Great Schism

The official split between the Roman Catholic Church (based in Rome) and the Eastern Orthodox Church (based in Byzantine Empire).

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Gregorian Reforms

Church reforms to reduce corruption.

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Cardinals

High-ranking clergymen who elect the pope.

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Concordat of Worms

Resolved dispute between popes and emperors over who could appoint bishops.

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The Crusades

A series of religious wars launched by European Christians to reclaim Jerusalem from Muslim control and support the Byzantine Empire.

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Frederick Barbarossa

A powerful Holy Roman Emperor and military leader in the Crusades

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Excommunication

A severe punishment where a person is cut off from the Church, effectively excluding them from Christian society.

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The Rise of States

The gradual return to centralized monarchies and stronger kingdoms as feudalism declined.

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The Revival of Trade

Increased trade across Europe, aided by more secure travel routes.

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The Rebirth of Towns

As trade grew, towns re-emerged as centers of commerce and culture, leading to a decline in feudalism.

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Guilds

Associations of craftsmen or merchants who regulated trade, set standards, and trained apprentices.

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Agricultural Revolution

Innovations like the three-field system and better plows increased food production

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Anglo-Saxons

The early medieval inhabitants of England.

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William the Conqueror

Duke of Normandy who won the Battle of Hastings and became King of England.

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Domesday Book

A census initiated by William the Conqueror

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King John

The unpopular English king forced to sign the Magna Carta.

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Magna Carta

Document that limited the English king’s power and established basic legal rights for nobles.

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English Common Law

A nation-wide legal system based on customs and judicial decisions.

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House of Lords

The upper house of English Parliament, composed of nobles and clergy, often hereditary.

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House of Commons

The lower house of English Parliament, made up of elected representatives of the common people.

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Hugh Capet

The first king of the Capetian dynasty in France, who laid the foundations for modern French monarchy.

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Estates General

The representative assembly in France split into the first, second, and third estates.

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The Black Death

A devastating plague that killed around one-third of Europe’s population.

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The Hundred Years’ War

A long conflict between England and France over territory.

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Joan of Arc

A peasant girl who claimed divine visions, led French forces to victory, and was later executed for heresy.

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Renaissance

A cultural rebirth that began in Italy, focused on rediscovering classical texts, humanism, and advances in the arts.

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The Ottoman Empire

What the Byzantine Empire turned into