A&P- Exam 1

A&P1

What is anatomy and physiology?

The structure and function of the human body and things in it

Why are structures and functions of body parts usually learned together?

Structure can denote function.

What characteristics must be present for something to be classified as living?

Cellular organization, the ability to develop, metabolism, reproduce/ pass on traits/ respond to environment, maintain homeostasis.

What is differentiation?

Cells have specific characteristics/ jobs.

What kind of membranes line the inside of all body cavities and the outer surface of organs, usually double walled?

Serous membranes

How many organ systems are in the human body?

11\.

What are the 11 organ systems in the human body.

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, digestive, reproductive.

What are the principal functions of the integumentary system?

Protection, temperature regulation.

What are the principal structures of the integumentary system?

Hair, skin, nails, glands.

What are the principal functions of the skeletal system?

Provides structure and framework, protects organs, produces blood, calcium storage.

What are the principal structures of the skeletal system?

Bones, joints, cartilage.

What are the principal structures of the muscular system?

Skeletal muscles.

What are the principal functions of the muscular system?

Movement, heat generation.

What are the principal functions of the lymphatic system?

Differentiation of B/T cells, filtration, immune system.

What are the principal structures of lymphatic system?

Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen.

What are the principal functions of the urinary system?

Filtering out waste from blood, maintains homeostasis.

What are the principal structures of the respiratory system?

Lungs, trachea, nasal passages.

What are the principal structures of the urinary system?

Bladder, kidneys, ureter, urethra.

What are the principal functions of the respiratory system?

Breathing, gas exchange.

What are the principal functions of the nervous system?

Nerve impulses.

What are the principal structures of the nervous system?

Nerves, brain, spinal cord

What are the principal structures of the endocrine system?

Thyroid, pancreas, adrenal/ suprarenal and pituitary gland, ovaries, testes.

What are the principal functions of the endocrine system?

Hormone regulation.

What are the principal functions of the circulatory system?

Distibuting blood.

What are the principal structures of the circulatory system?

Heart, vessels, veins, arteries.

What are the principal structures of the digestive system?

Stomach, esophagus, intestines, liver, pancreas.

What are the principal functions of the digestive system?

Provide nutrients.

What are the principal structures of the male reproductive system?

Testes, penis, duct systems, glands

What are the principal structures of the female reproductive system?

Uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, birth canal.

What are the principal functions of both the male and female reproductive system?

Hormone release, production of gametes, offspring.

How does the midsagittal cut separate the body?

Cuts body directly down midline. 2 symmetrical halves.

How does a coronal/frontal cut separate the body

Cuts body between anterior and posterior parts of the body

How does a transverse cut separate the body

Cuts body between superior and inferior

What is the atomic number of an element?

The number of protons in the nucleus.

What is the atomic mass of an element?

The mass of one atom in the element (protons + neutrons in nucleus)

What are all organic compounds and molecules based from?

Carbon

The liklihood that an atom will chemically bond with another atom depends on what?

The number of electrons in its outer shell.

What is the definition of hydrogen bonds?

weak bonds between slightly positive Hydrogens in one molecule to slightly electronegative atoms in another

What is the weakest bond?

Van Der Waals forces

Why are Van Der Waals forces the weakest bonds?

Held together by electrical forces that attract neutral molecules to one another

What are Van Der Waals forces useful for?

Shape of molecules

What are ions useful for?

Nerve conduction and contraction of muscles

What are ionic bonds?

The attraction of cations to anions

What are electrolytes?

Salts that ionize in water and are capable of conducting on electrical currents

What are covalent bonds?

Atoms share electrons

What are the strongest bonds?

Covalent bonds

How do nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons?

Nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally

How do polar covalent bonds share electrons?

Polar covalent bonds share electrons unequally

How are chemical bonds related to metabolism?

All chemical reactions occurring in the body are the breaking down and building up of chemical bonds

What 3 factors affect the speed of chemical reactions?

Concentration, temperature, and catalysts

What is a solvent?

Dissolves other substances

What is a solute?

Dissolved in solvent

What is an acid?

Proton donor (releases H+ ions)

What is a base?

Proton acceptor (accepts H+ ions)

What is pH?

The relative concentration of H+

What is a pH < 7?

Acidic

What is a pH > 7?

Alkaline/ Basic

What is a pH of exactly 7?

Neutral

What is a normal blood pH range?

7\.35-7.45

What do buffers do?

Add or remove H+ to slow pH changes

What is the function of triglycerides?

Protection, insulation, provides energy

What does amphiphatic mean?

Contains both polar and nonpolar regions.