FSU Oceanography Chapter 15 (most) Pearson Questions

15.1: In which region of the tidepools are kelp crabs most often found?

lower intertidal

15.1: How large can kelp crabs get?

about the size of a small dinner plate

15.1: What family do kelp crabs belong to?

spider crab family

15.1: What is an adaptation for organisms living in the upper intertidal zone?

They must move quickly to avoid being preyed upon.

They must be adapted for being out of water for extended periods of time.

They must have poisons to deter predators.

They must be small in size to more easily hide during low tide.

They must be well camouflaged.

They must be adapted for being out of water for extended periods of time.

15.1: What does a blue mussel (California mussel) use to attach to a rock?

byssus threads

15.1: What does a gooseneck barnacle use to attach to a rock?

a strong stalk

15.1: To which of the following animals are acorn barnacles closely related?

octopuses

gooseneck barnacles

shrimp

sea hares

sea cucumbers

shrimp

15.1: What do mussels, gooseneck barnacles, and acorn barnacles all eat?

tiny microscopic marine organisms that live in seawater

15.1: What is the common name of the octopus that is found in Southern California tidepools?

two-spotted octopus

15.1: One of the main ways in which octopuses avoid predators is to __________.

blend in with the color and texture of the surrounding environment

close up into its hard shell that can only be cracked open with an excessive amount of force

give its attacker a nasty rash upon handling it

use their potent poison spines that can quickly disable a predator

emit a high-pitched screech whenever it is in danger

blend in with the color and texture of the surrounding environment

15.1: What intertidal zone do sea anemones typically inhabit?

middle intertidal

15.1: What is a sea anemone -- a vicious predatory toxic animal -- carefully disguised as?

a harmless flower

15.1: When you visit a tidepool and put your finger into a sea anemone, it grabs onto your finger. What is really happening?

It activates stinging barbs that inject neurotoxin into your skin.

15.1: How does a sea anemone feed?

By entrapping prey items in its stinging tentacles.

15.1: What is the purpose of the shells and rocks that are attached to a sea anemone’s body?

Shells and rocks prevent the sea anemone from drying out during low tide.

15.4: Which of the following are common to both chemosynthesis and photosynthesis?

sunlight

oxygen

sugar

carbon dioxide

water

oxygen, sugar, carbon dioxide, water

15.4: Which of the following chemical formulas represents a sugar molecule?

C6H12O6

15.4: Which of the following organisms use photosynthesis?

those that contain chlorophyll

archaea

some primary producers

algae

plants

those that contain chlorophyll, some primary producers, algae, plants

15.4: Where do chemosynthesizers live?

hot water springs

surface ocean

coral reefs

hydrothermal vents

mid-ocean ridges

hot water springs, hydrothermal vents, mid-ocean ridges

15.4: How did the discovery of hydrothermal vent communities in the 1970s change our understanding of life in the ocean?

Prior to this discovery it was thought that all primary producers were photosynthetic.

Prior to this discovery it was thought that there was no life in the deep ocean.

Prior to this discovery it was thought that all life, even life in the deep ocean, depended on photosynthetic primary producers in the surface ocean.

Prior to this discovery, chemosynthesis was unknown at hydrothermal vents.

Prior to this discovery it was thought that all primary producers were chemosynthetic.

Prior to this discovery it was thought that all primary producers were photosynthetic, Prior to this discovery it was thought that all life, even life in the deep ocean, depended on photosynthetic primary producers in the surface ocean, Prior to this discovery, chemosynthesis was unknown at hydrothermal vents

15.3: Which of the following statements is/are true of corals?

Corals are solitary.

Corals live in tropical water.

Corals are benthic organisms.

Corals are animals.

Corals secrete silica to build the coral reef.

Corals live in tropical water, Corals are benthic organisms, Corals are animals

15.3: At what water depth are delicate plate corals common?

50-150 meters (164-492 feet)

15.3: Which of the following statements regarding corals and algae is/are true?

Zooxanthellae provide corals with food.

Zooxanthellae and corals have a symbiotic relationship.

Corals are photosynthetic.

Zooxanthellae are photosynthetic.

The lithothamnion ridge is covered in a red algae called lithothamnion.

Zooxanthellae provide corals with food, Zooxanthellae and corals have a symbiotic relationship, Zooxanthellae are photosynthetic, The lithothamnion ridge is covered in a red algae called lithothamnion

15.3: Where on the coral reef structure would you expect to find the largest, strongest coral heads?

20-50 meters water depth

15.1: Which rocky intertidal zone, also called the super tidal zone, is only covered by water during strong storms?

spray zone

15.1: How have many organisms in the spray zone adapted to the constant threats of predation and drying out?

They have a shell that they can withdraw into.

15.1: In which zone are organisms usually submerged by high tide twice per day and exposed by low tide twice per day?

middle tide zone

15.1: Which of the following organisms are sessile?

sea anemones

chitons

limpets

sponges

buckshot barnacles

sea anemones, sponges, buckshot barnacles

15.1: Which of the following organisms must always stay submerged in seawater?

sea stars

mussels

sea cucumbers

sea slugs

crabs

sea cucumbers, sea slugs

15.1: During a field trip to a rocky intertidal area during low tide, you notice an interesting cone-shaped shell. You reach down to pick it up, but to your surprise find it is firmly attached to the substrate by a strong muscle that acts like a suction cup. What abiotic factor drives these adaptations?

Exposure to strong wave activity

15.1: The amount of life on the ocean floor depends primarily on __________.

the productivity of the surface layer above it

15.1: An important predator of mussel beds in the middle tide zone is the __________.

sea star

sea anemone

shore crab

sea urchin

gooseneck barnacle

sea star

15.1: The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is:

space

15.1: Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are:

keyhole limpets and Irish moss.

sea anemones and hermit crabs.

goose barnacles and mussels.

buckshot barnacles and limpets.

periwinkle snails and kelp.

buckshot barnacles and limpets

15.1: Two dominant organisms commonly found at mid-water levels of the rocky intertidal zone are:

sea anemones and hermit crabs.

buckshot barnacles and rockweed.

fiddler crabs and Littorina.

goose-necked barnacles and mussels.

periwinkle snails and kelp.

goose-necked barnacles and mussels

15.1: Some organisms living in the high water portion of the intertidal zone cannot survive in the supralittoral zone because they:

have planktonic larval forms

15.1: The low-water portion of the rocky intertidal zone is dominated by:

red and brown algae and surf grasses

15.1: Organisms that are either permanently attached to the bottom of the ocean floor or move over it are called ________.

epifauna

15.1: Which group of organisms have difficulty finding mates for attached species as an adverse condition of rocky intertidal zones?

Abalones, sea urchins, barnacles

Kelp, snails, sea stars, mussels

Bryozoans, coral, barnacles

Sea slugs, snails, crabs

Abalones, sea urchins, barnacles

Which group of organisms are likely to live in the low tide zone?

Hermit crab, rock weed, sea lettuce

Rock louse, periwinkle, limpet

Buckshot barnacle, striped shore crab

Sea star, brittle star, sea urchins

Sea star, brittle star, sea urchins

15.1: Which group of organisms are likely to live in the high tide zone?

Hermit crab, rock weed, sea lettuce

Rock louse, periwinkle, limpet

Buckshot barnacle, striped shore crab

Sea star, brittle star, sea urchins

Buckshot barnacle, striped shore crab

15.1: A sea urchin has a ________-toothed mouth centered on the bottom side of its hard, spherical shell, consisting of fused calcium carbonate plates perforated to allow tube feet and water to pass through.

five

15.1: Which of the following is the most important variable affecting species diversity at similar latitudes on opposite sides of an ocean basin?

Temperature

Conductivity

Salinity

Density

Carbonic acid

Temperature

15.1: Stinging cells, camouflage, and an inking response are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?

Difficulty finding mates

Drying out during low tide

Lack of space or attachment sites

Predators

Strong wave activity

Predators

15.1: Release of large numbers of eggs into the water column is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?

Difficulty finding mates

Drying out during low tide

Lack of space or attachment sites

Predators

Strong wave activity

Difficulty finding mates

15.1: Planktonic larval forms are an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?

Difficulty finding mates

Drying out during low tide

Lack of space or attachment sites

Predators

Strong wave activity

Lack of space of attachment sites

15.1: Which of the following are among the first organisms to colonize a rocky shore?

Sea cucumber

Rock louse

Sea urchin

Sea anemone

Rock weed

Rock weed

15.1: A pronounced layer of which of the following can often be one of the most recognizable features of middle tidal zones along rocky coasts?

Limpets

Sea stars

Sea Anemones

Mussels

Sea urchin

Mussels

15.1: Which of the following protects itself with stinging needlelike cells called nematocysts?

Sea Anemones

Limpets

Sea urchin

Sea stars

Snails

Sea Anemones

15.1: Of the following statements about benthic organisms, which is/are true?

High abundances of benthic organisms are found beneath surface waters with high primary productivity.

All benthic organisms are sessile (permanently attached to the ocean floor).

Benthic organisms cannot live beneath the euphotic zone.

Many benthic organisms spend the first part of their lives in the pelagic environment.

The vast majority of benthic species live on the continental shelf.

High abundances of benthic organisms are found beneath surface waters with high primary productivity, Many benthic organisms spend the first part of their lives in the pelagic environment, The vast majority of benthic species live on the continental shelf.

15.1: Of the following adaptations, which apply to life in rocky intertidal environments?

Some organisms can survive for long periods of time out of water.

Burrowing is one of the most common adaptations in rocky intertidal zones.

Some organisms can grow directly on top of other organisms.

Having a soft, flexible body helps prevent organisms from drying out.

A thick exterior or exoskeleton helps protect creatures from being crushed.

Some organisms can survive for long periods of time out of water, Some organisms can grow directly on top of other organisms, A thick exterior or exoskeleton helps protect creatures from being crushed

15.1: What is another name for the brittle star?

serpent star

15.1: What adaptation gives brittle stars their name?

They can detach their arms to avoid a predator

15.1: How long does it take for a brittle star to regrow an arm?

a couple of weeks

15.1: What are benthic organisms?

organisms that live in or on the seafloor

15.1: Which of the following is/are examples of benthic organisms?

grouper

coral

phytoplankton

clams

crabs

coral, clams, crabs

15.1: Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the distribution of oceanic benthic biomass?

Benthic biomass includes organisms that burrow into the seafloor, attach themselves to the seafloor, crawl around on the seafloor, and swim close to the seafloor.

Benthic biomass is high in the center of subtropical gyres because the water is more calm.

Benthic biomass is low in high-latitude coastal areas because the water is very cold.

Benthic biomass is high along continental shelves because the water is shallow and benthic organisms can photosynthesize on the ocean floor.

Areas of high benthic biomass correspond to areas of high primary productivity in the surface ocean.

Benthic biomass includes organisms that burrow into the seafloor, attach themselves to the seafloor, crawl around the seafloor, and swim close to the seafloor, Areas of high benthic biomass correspond to areas of high primary productivity in the surface ocean.

15.1: Chlorophyll concentration is a direct measurement of what in the ocean?

primary productivity

15.1: Which of the following statements is/are true regarding productivity in the ocean?

Productivity is high in deep waters.

Primary producers comprise the base of the food chain.

Highest benthic productivity is found in low-latitude continental shelf regions.

Primary producers photosynthesize.

Areas with high primary productivity will also support more consumers.

Primary producers comprise the base of the food chain, Primary producers photosynthesize, Areas with high primary productivity will also support more consumers.

15.1: Which of the following organisms withdraw into their shells to avoid drying out during low tide and to avoid the effects of rapid changes in environmental conditions?

kelp

periwinkle snails

black turban snails

crabs

sea slugs

periwinkle snails, black turban snails

15.1: Which of the following organisms attach themselves to rocks or the seafloor with threads, adhesives, a muscular foot, multiple legs, or hundreds of tube feet to anchor themselves?

sea stars

snails

sea slugs

kelp

mussels

sea stars, snails, kelp, mussels

15.1: Which of the following adaptations help organisms avoid predation?

inking response

swim bladder

camouflage

stinging cells

hard shell

inking response, camouflage, stinging cells, hard shell

15.1: Which of the following organisms have the ability to exist in varied temperature, salinity, pH, and low-oxygen environments for extended periods?

snails

limpets

mussels

sea butterflies

coral reefs

snails, limpets, mussels

15.1: Which of the following organisms adapt to limited space by attaching to other organisms?

sea cucumbers

bryozoans

limpets

corals

barnacles

bryozoans, limpets, corals, barnacles

15.2: Organic matter decomposes most slowly in __________.

mud flats

15.2: Which of the following marine habitats has the lowest species diversity?

mangrove swamps

mud flats

rocky shores

coral reefs

kelp forests

mud flats

15.2: The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is:

burrowing into the sediment

15.2: The depth to which a bivalve can bury itself depends on the:

length of its siphon

15.2: Nearly all large organisms that inhabit sediment-covered shores are called ________ because they burrow into the sediment.

infauna

15.2: In which area are you likely to find ghost shrimp?

High tide zone

15.2: Which phylum does the bivalve belong to?

Mollusca

15.2: The greatest biomass of clams is burrowed into the ________ region of sandy beaches and decreases where the sediment becomes muddier.

low-tide

15.2: The intertidal zonation of sediment-covered shores is best developed on a ________ sloping, ________-sand beach.

steeply; coarse

15.3: The organism posing the greatest threat to the kelp forest is the __________.

sea urchin

15.3: You are vacationing on a beautiful tropical island and want to see a coral reef. Your boat travels down a river estuary and then travels a considerable distance along the coast before any coral is seen. The reason you had to travel so far to see coral is probably that __________.

too much freshwater is flowing in from the river closer to shore

insufficient sunlight

there is not enough wave energy

insufficient nutrients near the river mouth

the temperature is too high near the estuary

too much freshwater is flowing in from the river closer to shore

15.3: The symbiotic relationship between the coral animals and the zooxanthellae is an example of __________.

mutualism

15.3: Which of the following factors does not limit coral growth?

high concentrations of calcium carbonate in the water

a lack of a hard substrate to build upon

water temperatures below 18°C

high sediment load in the water

low light

high concentrations of calcium carbonate in the water

15.3: Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is detrimental to coral growth because it increases the:

amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth.

15.3: The relationship between the protistan zooxanthellae and the polyps of reef-building corals is best described as a(n) ________.

mutualistic symbiosis

15.3: Which of the following is a threat to coral reef survival?

scuba and snorkeling

boat collisions

fishing

suspended sediment

All of the above might contribute to the decline of a coral community.

All of the above might contribute to the decline of a coral community.

15.3: The loss of color (coral bleaching) in coral reef organisms can be a result of:

crown-of-thorn sea stars.

increased sediment loads.

increase in zooxanthellae concentrations

fungal parasites.

loss of zooxanthellae.

loss of zooxanthellae

15.3: Kelp uses a root-like anchor called a ________ to attach to rocky bottoms.

holdfast

15.3: Kelp with air bladders are likely to be found in which region?

Western coast of the United States

15.3: Corals only grow within the tropics where average annual water temperature is above ________.

64 degrees farenheit

15.3: Which of the following is NOT considered an environmental condition necessary for coral growth?

Soft substrate

Salt water

Strong sunlight

Lack of turbidity

Soft substrate

15.3: Under ideal conditions, the giant brown bladder kelp can grow up to two ________ per day.

feet

15.3: Although coral reefs cover less than half a percent of the ocean's surface area, they are home to ________ of all marine species.

25%

15.3: The so-called true lobsters belong to which genus?

Homarus

15.3: Corals cannot survive for long when the water temperature exceeds ________ Celsius.

30 degrees

15.3: Water warm enough to support coral growth is found primarily in the ________ regions of the oceans.

tropical

15.3: Reefs grow as far north and south as 35° latitude on the ________ margins of ocean basins.

western

15.3: Deep-water corals lack the ________ that their shallow-water cousins have.

symbiotic zooxanthellae algae

15.3: Which of the following statements regarding the benefits coral reefs provide to people is correct?

Fisheries associated with coral reefs supply more than one fourth of all fish from the sea.

Coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product.

Coral reefs contain about twice as much algal biomass as animal biomass.

Coral reefs protect coasts from volcanoes, storm waves and tsunami.

About 300 million people worldwide depend on healthy reef systems.

Coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product

15.3: Coral reefs cover less than ________ of the ocean's surface area but they are home to ________ of all marine species.

0.5%; 25%

15.3: The crown-of-thorns sea star destroys coral reefs by ________.

eating the coral polyps

15.3: Increased human populations near coral reefs increases the nutrient levels of the reef waters from ________ and farm fertilizers.

sewage

15.3: The most serious threat to coral reefs is ________.

humans

15.3: Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in algae smothering the reefs?

Acidification

Aquaculture

Increased ocean warming

Overfishing

Sea level rise

Overfishing

15.3: Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in making it more difficult for corals to build skeletons?

Acidification

Aquaculture

Increased ocean warming

Overfishing

Sea level rise

Acidification