APSC 4464 Exam 2

Define non-infectious vaccines

inactivated, killed, death, bacteria, avenomous; do not infect the host to produce new antigen, must contain adequate amounts of antigen to immunize, are more likely to produce local and systemic adverse reactions, are more stable compared to infectious vaccines, their microbial agents do not need to infect cells to immunize, sold as an aqueous product, safest vaccine type: immunizing agent is dead which means it cannot revert to virulence/cause the disease), stimulate primarily systemic humoral immunity (IgM and IgG)

What is the route of administration of non-infectious vaccines

injection SQ or IM: NOT to be administered directly onto mucosal surfaces (IN)

What is the duration if immunity for non-infectious vaccines

Develops 7 days after 2nd dose, onset of immunity 3 weeks after the 1st dose, generally have a shorter duration of immunity compared to infectious vaccines, annual re-vaccination or booster

Define infectious vaccines

must infect host's cells to immunize

What are characteristics of infectious vaccines

Most effective vaccine, can provide same types of immunity that are produced by natural exposure, the vaccine organisms are attenuated and will not cause disease, antigen virus/bacteria is live, these must be administered within 1 hour after reconstitution, these contain a avirulent live virus/bacteria that are capable of infecting cells in the same manner as the virulent virus/bacteria does during natural infection, one dose of this vaccine will prime, immunize, and boost the immune system

What is the route of administration of infectious vaccines

- intranasal

- injection IM or SQ

What is the duration of immunity for infectious vaccines

5yrs to life

What are maternally derived antibodies

"antigen masking", derived antibody (MDA) Can block a non-infectious vx in a dog less than 12 wks of age.

What are non-responders

small percentage of animals that are generally incapable of developing an immune response

Define vaccine adverse events

an undesirable effect or unintended effect (including lack of desired result, failure to protect against disease) associated with the administration of a licensed biological product. Any injury toxicity, or sensitivity reaction associated with the use of a vaccine.

Give examples of injection site reaction (an adverse event).

abscess, granuloma, seroma (lumps), pain, swelling, hair loss, ischemic vasculitis

Give examples of transient postvaccinal nonspecific illness (an adverse event).

lethargy, anorexia, fever , regional lymphadenomegaly, soreness, abortion, encephalitis, polyneuritis, arthritis, seizures, behavioral changes, hair loss/color change at injection sire, respiratory disease

Type 1 (acute anaphylaxis)

This type of alleric reaction= angioedema (swelling), anaphylaxis (shock), and death

How many types of allergic reactions are there to vaccines?

3

Type 2 (cytolytic)

This type of allergic reaction=immune mediated hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia

Type 3 (immune complex)

This type of vaccine reaction = cutaneous ischemic vasculopathy (inflammation), corneal edema (blue eye), immune-mediated disease

What are examples of vaccine adverse effects?

injection site reactions, transient postvaccinal nonspecific illness, allergic/immune mediated reactions, tumorigenesis (in cats), inflammatory disorder (weimaraners), vaccine induced immunosuppression, vaccine induced interference with diagnostic tests

What are factors that can lead to failure to immunize?

maternal antibody interference, volume and/or dose being less than prescribed, non-responder, inactivation of vaccine antigen, mixing incompatible vaccine in same syringe

What is feline injection-site sarcoma

Was first recognized as

an issues in cats in the early 1990s, Current risk below 1/10,000 dose of vaccine (very low), development of sarcomas at vaccination sites inactivated (killed) rabies or FeLV vaccines, and aluminum-based adjuvants

What are non-infectious vaccines for dogs

- rabies virus

- canine influenza virus

- canine coronavirus

- certain lyme

- bordetella bronchispetica

- western diamondback rattlesnake avenomous

What are infectious vaccines for dogs

- canine distmeper virus

- canine parvovirus type 2

- canine adenovirus type 2

- canine coronavirus

- canine parainfluenza virus

What are non-infectious vaccines for cats

- feline herpesvirus1

- feline calicivirus

- feline panleukopenia

- feline rabies virus

- feline leukemia virus

- feline immunodeficiency virus

- chlamydophila

What are infectious vaccines for cats

- feline herpesvirus1

- feline calicivirus

- feline panleukopenia virus

- feline rabies virus

- chalmydophila

- Bb

What are core dog vaccines

- canine parvovirus (CPV)

- canine distemper virus (CDV)

- canine hepatitis (CAV-1, CAV-2)

-Canine Parainfluenza (CPiV)

-Canine Influenza

-Leptospria

- canine rabies virus

What are non-core dog vaccines

- canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV)

- canine influenza virus (CIV)

- borderella bronchiseptica (kennel cough)

- canine borrelia burgdorferi (lyme)

- leptospira ssp (leptospirosis)

- canine distmeper-measles combination

-Other vaccines risk-exposure related

What are core cat vaccines

- feline rabies virus

- feline herpesvirus1 (FHV1)

- feline calicivirus (FCV)

- feline panleukopenia virus (FCV)

-Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

What are non-core cat vaccines

- feline leukemia virus (FeLV)

- feline immuodeficiency virus (FIV)

-Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

- feline virulent calicvirus (FCV)

- chlamydophila felis

- bordetella bronchispetica

Describe canine parvovirus

- highly contagious

- shed in feces of infected animals within 4-5 days of exposure

- affects the GI tract

-Virus can survive in heat, cold, hymidity and dry environemts

What are symptoms of canine parvovirus

- severe bloody diarrhea

- lethargy

- loss of appetite

- depression

Describe canine distemper virus

- highly contagious

- shed in body secretions

What are symptoms of canine distemper virus

- clear to green nasal and ocular discharge

- loss of appetite

- depression

Describe canine infectious hepatitis

- contagious

- ingestion of urine, feces or saliva of infected dogs

What are some symptoms of canine infectious hepatitis

- jaundice

Describe canine rabies virus

- severe, often fatal

- transmitted through bites

- affects gray matter of dog's brain

What are some symptoms of canine rabies virus

- extreme behavioral changes

- overt aggression

- attack behavior

- weakness

- loss of coordination

- profuse salivation

Describe feline rabies virus

- sever often fatal

- transmitted through bites

Describe feline herpesvirus1

- highly contagious

- upper respiratory

Describe feline calicivirus

- highly contagious

- upper respiratory

- contiunually shed

What are some symptoms of feline calicvirus

- ulcerations and blisters in mouth

Describe feline panleukopenia virus

- highly contagious

- infects and destroys actively dividing bone marrow, lymphoid tissues and intestinal epithelium

What are important dog zoonosis viruses

- canine rabies

- borrelia burgdorferi (lyme)

What are important cat zoonosis viruses

- dermatophytosis

- feline rabies

What is the vaccination protocol of shelter dogs

- at time of entry

-At time of release (Rabies us at a site on the body different to where other vxs given)

- CDV, CPV-2, CAV-2, IN Bb+CpiV

-Some vaccines aren't reccomended for routine use in shelter enviornment (like lepto, canine cornavirus, lyme, etc).

What is the vaccination protocol of shelter cats

- vaccinated at an earlier age and at shorter intervals

- FPV, FHV-1, FCV

-FIV and FIP not reccomended

What is the vaccination protocol of cattery cats

- low risk catteries is similar to pet homes

- high risk catteries is similar to shelters

What is the vaccination protocol of pregnant animals

should either be vaccinated or removed from shelter

What is the vaccination protocol of sick animals

vaccinate with core vaccines with very few exceptions

Define open door shelters

Define limited entry shelters

When is euthanasia justified

if the animal is to dangerous to handle or are ill or injured in a way that they will not heal

When is euthanasia not justified

for space

What are some challenges shelters face when cat and dogs start to stay at the shelter longer

What are some ways that shelters are stressful

- restricted species specific behavior

- restricted human interaction

- loud shelter noise

- environment is unpredictable

What are some measures to assess stress

- physiological

- behavioral

What are some ways to decrease shelter stress in dogs

- human dog interaction

- training

- play groups

- prevalent reactivity

- reduce noise

- cohousing dogs

- fostering

What is the impact of stress on shelter cats

- loss of weight

- development of upper respiratory infections

What are some ways to decrease shelter stress in cats

- hiding places

- enrichment

- consistent handling

Define enrichment

husbandry principle that seeks to enhance the quality of animal care by identifying and providing the environmental stimuli necessary for optimal welfare, both physical and mental

What are some limitations for the types of enrichment items that are appropriate for shelters

- cleanable

- safe

- only given with supervision

What are examples of dog enrichment

- engage in play behaviors

- interact with humans/ conspecifics

- using nose

What are examples of cat enrichment

- engage in predatory/ hunting behaviros

- scent mark

- interact with human/ conspecifics

What are examples of dog enrichment items that you can make

- snufflemats

- food puzzles

- tug toys

What are examples of cat enrichment items that you can make

- toilet paper rolls

- pompoms

What are the most common external parasites in companion animals

- fleas

- ticks

- mites

Why is it necessary to control fleas

- most companion animals are allergic to flea saliva

- sting people's legs causing lesions

Why is it necessary to control ticks

- can carry and transmit bacterial organisms that cause infections

- can carry zoonotic infectious organisms

Why is it necessary to control demodex mange (mites)

lead to small patches of alopecia

Why is it necessary to control ear mites

lead to hematoma on ear flaps

Why is it necessary to control sarcastic mange (mites)

zoonotic

Why is it necessary to control lice

leads to rough matted coat and anemia

What are the most common internal parasites in companion animals

- roundworms

- hookworms

- whipworms

- tapeworms

- flukes

- heartworms

- giardia

- coccidia

What are the effects of roundworms on dogs

- diarrhea

- respiratory disease

- weakness

- swollen abdominal

What are the effects of hookworms on dogs

lethal to puppies

What are the effects of whipworms on companion animals

- weight loss

- diarrhea

- blood in feces

- anemia

What are the effects of tapeworms on companion animals

- failure to digest/absorb food

- malaise

- irritability

- variable appetite

- shaggy coat

- mild diarrhea

What are the effects of intestinal flukes on companion animals

enteritis of small intestines

What are the effects of hepatic flukes on companion animals

- carcinomas

- mild to severe liver disease

What are the effects of heart worms on companion animals

- coughing

- lethargy

- dyspnea

- cyanosis

- exercise intolerance

- weight loss

- ascites

What are the effects of giardia on companion animals

- weight loss

- chronic diarrhea

- steatorrhea

What are the effects of coccidia on companion animals

- diarrhea

- weight loss

- dehydration

What zoonotic disease are associated with the most common internal parasites of companion animals

What is salmon poisoning disease

complex that flukes transmit leading to vomiting, diarrhea, swellings and severe fever

What is the veterinary term for adult tooth

permanent tooth

What is the veterinary term for baby tooth

deciduous tooth

What is the veterinary term for bad breath

halitosis

What is the veterinary term for bite

occlusion

What is the veterinary term for cavities/ tooth decay

dental caries/ tooth infection

What is the veterinary term for extra teeth

polyodontia

What is the veterinary term for eye teeth

canines

What is the veterinary term for front teeth

incisors and canines

What is the veterinary term for gum

gingiva

What is the veterinary term for gum disease

periodontal disease/ periodontitis

What is the veterinary term for lower jaw

mandible

What is the veterinary term for roof of the mouth

palate

What is the veterinary term for root canal

endodontic treatment

What is the veterinary term for tartar

calculus

What is the veterinary term for teeth cleaning

dental prophylaxis

What is the veterinary term for uneven bite

malocclusion

What is the veterinary term for upper jaw

maxilla

Discuss dental prophylaxis

regular teeth brushing and dental check-ups