D202 Study Guide

Flashcards generated from lecture notes on human development, focusing on key vocabulary terms and definitions.

Human Development

Life stages: prenatal, infancy, toddlerhood, childhood (early, middle, and late), adolescence, and adulthood (early, middle, and late).

Germinal Period

First 14 days after fertilization; includes implantation of the zygote and the creation of a blastocyst.

Embryonic Period

Weeks three through eight of pregnancy; placenta is formed and organs, including the brain, begin to develop.

Fetal Period

Follows the embryonic period through the end of pregnancy; viability is reached at about 24 weeks.

Teratogens

Substances or conditions that can cause disorders and health challenges for an infant; examples include smoking, binge drinking, and exposure to diseases.

APGAR Score

Assessment of an infant's heart and respiratory rates, muscle tone, reflexes, and color at one and five minutes following birth.

NBAS (Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale)

Scale used to assess the newborn's behavior.

Postpartum Anxiety

Elevated sense of worry about the infant following childbirth.

Postpartum Depression

Unusual sadness occurring in the period following childbirth.

Postpartum Psychosis

Serious mental illness that can affect a new mother following childbirth; mother may lose touch with reality.

Physical Growth

Increase in body size (length or height and weight) and in the size of organs of babies.

Motor Development

Physical growth and strengthening of a child's bones and muscles.

Cephalocaudal Path

Development that proceeds from head to tail.

Proximodistal Path

Development that proceeds from the midline outward.

Sensory Development

Emphasis on the processes used to take in information from the environment.

Kwashiorkor

Disease caused by diets deficient in protein; often occurs after the birth of another sibling.

Genes

Inherited building blocks of nature, which determine an organism's development.

Mitosis

The cell's nucleus making an exact copy of all the chromosomes and splitting into two new cells.

Meiosis

Gamete's chromosomes duplicate and then divide twice, resulting in four cells, containing only half the genetic material of the original gamete.

Genotype

Sum total of all the genes a person inherits.

Phenotype

Features that are actually expressed.

Dominant Genes

Genes that express themselves in the phenotype, even when paired with a different version of the gene.

Recessive Genes

Genes that express themselves only when paired with a similar version of the gene.

Neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to change, both physically and chemically, to enhance its adaptability to environmental change and compensate for injury.

Pincer Grasp

Ability to grasp an object using the forefinger and thumb.

Palmer Grasp

The use of the fingers and palm, but no thumbs.

Phoneme

Smallest unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in a language.

Cooing

One-syllable combination of a consonant and a vowel sound.

Divided Attention

Ability to switch focus between tasks or external stimuli; multitasking.

Semantic Memories

Memories for facts and knowledge that are not tied to a timeline.

Episodic Memories

Memories that are tied to specific events in time.

Epigenetics

Study of how modifications in DNA affect gene expression when the cells divide.

Genotype-Environment Correlations

Processes by which genetic factors contribute to variations in the environment.

Goodness of Fit

The rapport between individual temperament and the surrounding environment.

Attachment

Close bond between the caregiver and infant, which has been viewed as the foundation for future relationships.

Collectivistic Cultures

Cultures that emphasize conformity to family and cultural values.

Individualistic Cultures

Cultures that encourage children to think for themselves.

Social Learning Theory

states that behavior is learned through observation, modeling, reinforcement, and punishment.

Gender Schema Theory

States that children develop their own conceptions of the attributes associated with maleness or femaleness.

Developmental Intergroup Theory

States that many gender stereotypes are so strong because people emphasize gender so much in culture.

Transgender

People who identify as having a gender identification that differs from the gender with which they were born.

Gender Dysphoria

A term that defines a feeling of anxiety caused by a mismatch between a person's biological sex and gender identity.

Cisgender

Refers to someone whose gender identity is the same as their assigned sex at birth.

Intersex

Broad phrase that refers to a range of scenarios in which a person is born without or with a mix of male and female reproductive organs, sex hormones, or chromosomes.

Baumrind’s Parenting Model

Parenting model that focuses on the level of control or expectations that parents have regarding their children and how responsive parents are to their children.

Primary Emotions

Basic emotions, such as interest, happiness, anger, fear, surprise, sadness, and disgust, because they appear first.

Secondary Emotions

Self-conscious emotions, such as envy, pride, shame, guilt, doubt, and embarrassment, because they appear later in emotional development.

Sex

Physiological differences found among male, female, and various intersex bodies.

Gender Identity

A person's sense of self as a member of a particular gender.

Gender

Concept that is created by cultural and societal norms.

Emotional Development

The way emotions change or remain constant across the human life span.

Social Development

The way in which humans learn to interact with one another.

Adolescence Development Spurt

The development spurt in middle childhood begins two years earlier in girls than in boys.

Oblivobesity

Katz (2015) referred to this as being oblivious of obesity.

Puberty

Period of rapid growth and sexual maturation, generally taking three to four years to complete and occurring between 8 and 14.

Primary Sexual Characteristics

Changes in the reproductive organs.

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Signal sexual maturity and involve other parts of the body.

Menarche

The initiation of this reproductive cycle.

Adolescence

A developmental stage that lasts from puberty through emerging adulthood.

Adolescent growth spurt

Characterized by a sudden increase in height and weight.

Spermarche

The first ejaculation, occurs around 13 to 14.

Concrete Operational Stage

Involves mastering the use of logic in concrete, that is, not abstract or hypothetical, ways.

Intelligence Tests

These can reveal extremes of intelligence, but there have been concerns raised about possible bias in them.

Parental Capital

Strong parental involvement in schools.

Ecological Systems Model

Helps in understanding an individual by examining the contexts in which the person lives and the direct and indirect influences of those contexts on the person's life.

Limbic system

System that controls emotions and is linked to hormonal changes that occur at puberty.

Changes in the circadian rhythm

Results in insufficient sleep due to biological changes in adolescence.

Formal Operational Stage

Adolescents are able to understand abstract principles during this stage.

Inductive Reasoning

Occurs when specific observations, or specific comments from those in authority, may be used to draw general conclusions.

Deductive reasoning

Truthful conclusions can be drawn if premises on which it is based are accurate. “top-down processing.”

Moral values

Are formed through various stages of active thinking and reasoning during middle childhood.

Blended Families

Those blended families may not be as sure that others care and may require more demonstrations of affection for reassurance.

Psychological Moratorium

Teenagers delay a commitment to an identity while exploring various options.

Unexamined Ethnic Identity

A preference is made for the dominant culture, or where the individual has given little thought to the question of ethnic heritage.

Ethnic Identity Search

A status in which individuals are exploring the customs, culture, and history of the ethnic group.

Achieved Ethnic Identity

Characterized with preference for an achieved ethnic identity and understanding of the ethnic heritage.

Post-divorce Parents Gatekeepers

They regulate the flow of information about their new romantic partner to their children in an attempt to balance their own needs for romance with consideration regarding the needs and reactions of their children.

Religiosity

Engaging with a formal religious group's doctrines, values, traditions, and co-members.

Late Adulthood

The time from the mid-sixties until death.

The employment of elderly people

Has also increased in recent years in various developed countries.

Emerging Adulthood

Exist between the end of adolescence and entry into adult roles; in some places, social, cultural, and historical contexts are also important to understanding.

Temperament

The innate characteristics of a person, beginning in infancy, including mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity.

Security

Security is best viewed as a culmination of a person's attachment history rather than a reflection of their early experiences alone.

Attachment-Related Anxiety

The extent to which an adult worries about whether a partner really loves them.

Sternberg's Theory of Love

Theory that comprises three components—passion, intimacy, and commitment.

Rules of Endogamy

Are the groups people should marry within and those they should not marry into.

Levinson's Midlife Transition

The normal part of the development of an individual, as the future is always unpredictable.

Successful Aging

Many older adults want to remain active and spend time volunteering and raising their grandchildren.

Social Death

Occurs when others begin to dehumanize and withdraw from someone who is terminally ill or has been diagnosed with a terminal illness.

Curative Care

Designed to overcome and cure disease and illness.

Palliative Care

Focuses on providing comfort and relief from physical and emotional pain to patients.

Hospice Care

A team of professionals and volunteers provide terminally ill patients with medical, psychological, and spiritual support.

Bereavement

The period after a loss during which grief and mourning occur.

Mourning

The process by which people adapt to a loss.