Physiology Exam 1

Control systems are either ____ or ______

Local or Reflex (Systemic)

Systemic/Reflex Pathway

Defending a temp setpoint is a ______ pathway

Feed-Forward Control

Reacts before effect happens (opp of feedback, which is reactive)

Cannon’s Postulates (4)

Tonic Control

Antagonistic Control

2 Receptor Types

Cell Membrane Receptors

Hormones

Peptide Hormones

Peptide Hormone Creation

Peptide Hormone Processing

Steroid Hormones come from ______

Steroid Hormones

Steroid Hormone Binding

Amine Horomones

all come from tyrosine

Peptide Hormone Characteristics

Steroid Hormone Characteristics

Amine Hormone Characteristics (catecholamines and thyroid hormones)

Nervous + Endocrine Integration

PP secretes ______

PP Hormones

Oxytocin and Vasopressin (ACH)

Oxytocin

Vasopressin

AP Hormones

AP secretes _____ hormones

Peptide

Secretion of all AP hormones is controlled by regulatory ______ from the _______

neurohormones; hypothalamus

Trophic hormones from AP

TSH, ACTH, GH, FSH, and LH → control secretion of other hormones

______ does not have trophic effects (AP hormone)

Prolactin

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System delivers trophic ________ to the ________ in 3 steps (list steps as well)

Simple endocrine reflex

_____ hormone involves a complex endocrine pathway

Hormone secretions from HPA are regulated mostly by ______

Cortisol secretion 2 feedback pathways

Synergism

Permissiveness

Antagonistic Hormones

Endocrine Pathologies (3)

Contact dependent signaling + autocrine/paracrine

Membrane Potential (Vm)

Vm in different cells (Neuron, Human Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Purkinje Fiber, Smooth Muscle Cell, Erythrocyte)

Membrane Potential determined by (2)

Equilibrium Potential

Nernst Equation

Approx. Nernst Potentials for Ca2+, Na+, Cl-, K+

Nernst relation to real cell

Goldman-Hodgkin Katz Equation considers _______

GHK Equation

What maintains ion concentration gradients (NOT membrane potential)?

How membrane potential affected by changes in permeability

How to determine where ion will move if permeability increases (2) - consider cations and anions (see ws for key)

Low glucose causes stable membrane potential of _____ secreting cells of pancreas

High glucose → membrane _____ of _______ secreting cells of pancreas → _______ secretion

Axoplasm

Cytoplasm of axon

Nerve Definition

Tract + Ganglion Definition

Nucleus in CNS

Peptides synthesized in the cell body and move to the nerve terminal via ______

Axoplasmic Transport

PNS Schwann and Satellite Cells

Glial Cells

Glial Cells of CNS (4)

Oligodendrocytes

Form Myelin in CNS

Astrocytes

Microglia

Modified immune cells that act as scavengers

Ependymal Cells

Ion Channels

Electrical Signals in Neurons

Graded Potentials

Why do graded potentials decay? (2)

Trigger Zone of Neuron

Neuronal Action Potential

Properties of Action Potentials (2)

Voltage Na+ channel has __ voltage-dependent gates

Voltage Gated Na+ Channels (opens ____, closes ______)

Neurons enter a ______ then a ________ refractory period before another action potential can be fired

Absolute Refractory

Relative Refractory

Action potential travels unidirectionally by _______

______ and _____ of axon slows down action potentials

Myelin = _______ to reduce current leak across plasma membrane + enhances action potential propagation

Myelinated axons have ______ conduction

Demyelinating Syndromes (2) - 1 in CNS, 1 in PNS

Neurocrines

Any bioactive molecule secreted by a neuron

Neurocrine function + chemical classes (7)

CNS + PNS Neurocrines

Neurotransmitter + Neuromodulator

Neurons communicate via _____

Synapses

Synapses Types (2)

__ triggers vesicular trafficking and neurotransmitter exocytosis (5 steps, list)

Neurotransmitters are _____ or ______

Ionotropic Receptors (know all 4 ex)

Metabotropic Receptors (3 ex)

Neurotransmitter receptors often have more than one receptor type + many ______, _______ are used to distinguish them

Neurotransmitters after release into synaptic cleft (3 outcomes)

Ach 2 receptor types

Nicotinic + Muscarinic

Ach Nicotinic Receptor (Type, Mechanism, Location, + Key Agonists and Antagonists)

Ach Muscarinic Receptor (Type, Mechanism, Location, + Key Agonists and Antagonists)

_____ neurons secrete Ach + _____ receptors bind Ach