AP world packet 5

henry VIII

king of england, absolute monarch, parliament shared power, breaks w catholic church and creates a protestant one (anglican) to get a divorce

charles V

Holy Roman Emperor, beats ottomans (kept them out of austria), pause muslim expansion into europe

queen elizabeth I

last Tudor monarch (r. 1558-1603) who ruled England, defeats spanish, protestant, allows for slight religious tolerance

queen isabella & ferdinand

Catholic Monarchs of Spain, whose marriage in 1469 united the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, unified spain, kicked muslims out, added to torture of non-catholics to convert them.

spanish armada

spanish navy that control the atlantic and 1588, tried to invade england, english won

hapsburgs

Austrian royal family rule holy roman empire, support catholics, important for trade in expansion, gained power through alliance

holy roman empire

present day germany: legacy of roman empire in europe, calls back to charlemane, a loose confederation of states in central europe govt by hapsburgs.

louis XIV

a French monarch famous for embodying absolute monarchy, divine right to rule, palace of versailles, sun king, center, absolutism

edict of nantes

a 1598 French law by King Henry IV that granted substantial religious and civil rights to the Huguenots (French Protestants), religious tolerance

thirty years’ war

central europe, devastating 17th-century European conflict that began as a religious war between Catholic and Protestant states within the Holy Roman Empire but evolved into a broader European power struggle

divine right

right that gods granted you to rule, god chose me

palace of versailles

palace built by King Louis XIV to serve as a symbol of absolute monarchy in France, centralizing political power and showcasing royal authority through immense wealth and art

huguenots

french prodestants

protestant reformation

martin luther, luthen against catholic church, 1517, church had issues and luther had enough so he says church is wrong

martin luther

leader of protestant reformation, monk from germany, 95 thesis, member of the church, started catholic

95 theses

martin luther bangs this onto the door, list of abuses that the catholic church carries out

indulgences

paying for forgiveness of sins, salvation

erasmus

dutch christian humanist, before luther, start of realization of corruption, calling for reform, doesnt believe in splitting

john calvin

french protestant, after luther, predestination, gods absolute power

predestination

is the belief that God has already decided before a person is born whether they will be in heaven vs hell, fate doesn’t depend on actions

puritans

purify anglican church, doesn’t go well bc theytell king ‘u did sm wrong’ and king doesnt like that

anglican church

henry the VIII creates this church bc he wants a divorce

counter reformation (catholic reformation)

fix abuses of catholic church, response in protestant reformation. very successful. realize they should change some stuff

ignatius loyola

founder of jesuits order, catholic side

spanish inquisition

courts that go after non catholics

jesuits

society of jesus, catholic missionaries

johannes gutenburg

printing press inventor

printing press

mass produced books, bible, johannes gutenburg

vernacular

the common, everyday language of a particular region

protestantism

created by martin luther, dont believe in pope

humanism

Renaissance that focused on human values, potential, and achievement by studying classical texts from ancient Greece and Rome.

council of trent

Catholic Church's response to Protestant Reformation, a council held from 1545-1563 that clarified Church doctrines, addressed Protestant critiques, and implemented reforms to revitalize Catholicism

absolutism

a single monarch has absolute and unchecked power, often justified by divine right

little ice age

everything gets cold so you cant farm

principalities

russia, a small territory ruled by a prince or princess.

peter the great

russia, absolute monarch, divine right, building the new capital city of St. Petersburg, creating a professional army, establishing a new merit-based bureaucracy

eastern orthodox church

russia, a major branch of Christianity, rooted in the Byzantine Empire, that emerged after the Great Schism of 1054.

st basils cathedral

russia, Ivan the Terrible's 16th-century Orthodox church in Moscow's Red Square, known for its unique architecture, featuring colorful onion domes and multiple chapels, representing both the Russian state and its religious heritage. 

st petersburg

russia, the Russian city founded by Peter the Great in 1703 as the new capital, symbolizing the Westernization of Russia

winter palace

russia, Official residence of the Russian Imperial Family in St. Petersburg, Russia. It was a symbol of Imperial Russia's wealth and power.

golden horde

russia, a Mongol successor state that emerged after the division of the Mongol Empire, ruling parts of Eastern Europe and Russia from the 13th to the 15th century.

westernization

russia, the process where non-Western societies adopt the cultural, political, economic, and social ideas, technologies, and practices of Western countries

slavophilism

russia, Russian intellectual movement that believed Russia's culture and future should be based on its unique traditions, especially Orthodox Christianity and the peasant village commune, rather than on imitating Western Europe.

czar/tsar

an absolute monarch and emperor of Russia, holding supreme power

Ivan III (the great)

ruler of Moscow who unified Russia by ending Mongol (Tatar) rule, conquering other Russian principalities like Novgorod, and building a centralized autocratic state.

kremlin

group of buildings/fortress in the center of Moscow that serves as the official seat of the government of Russia. symbolizes power

Ivan IV (the terrible)

first Tsar of Russia, known for expanding Russian territory and centralizing autocratic power through reforms and the terror-inducing Oprichnina secret police

Siberia

a vast, resource-rich region of northern Asia, now part of Russia, that was crucial to the Russian Empire's eastward expansion

cossacks

escaped serfs, east Slavic-speaking, semi-nomadic, and militarized people who formed autonomous communities in the steppes of Ukraine and southern Russia.

time of troubles

a chaotic and unstable period in Russian history (1598–1613) characterized by a dynastic crisis, famine, peasant uprisings, and foreign invasions, particularly by Poland and Sweden.

romanov dynasty

the last imperial dynasty that ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917.

Catherine the great

powerful empress of Russia (1762-1796) who expanded Russia's territory, particularly through the partitions of Poland and wars against the Ottoman Empire

pugachev rebellion

a massive revolt in Russia led by Yemelyan _____, a Cossack who claimed to be the deposed Tsar Peter III, against Catherine the Great's rule.

boyars

the powerful, land-owning noble class of Russia who resisted the growing power of the tsar in a series of conflicts

serfdom

tying serfs to the land

pogroms

a violent, organized attack by a mob against a minority group, most notably Jews in the Russian Empire

michael romanov

first Romanov tsar, who began the Romanov dynasty in 1613 after time of troubles

partition of poland

series of three late 18th-century divisions, where the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was divided and annexed by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, eventually erasing Poland from the map as an independent state until 1918