ATI Study set 2

Q: What is the mechanism of action for benzodiazepines?

A: Enhance the inhibitory effects of GABA in the CNS.

Q: What are benzodiazepines used to treat?

A: Anxiety, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal.

Q: What is the antidote for benzodiazepine overdose?

A: Flumazenil.

Q: What are common benzodiazepine complications?

A: Sedation, respiratory depression, amnesia, withdrawal, dependency.

Q: How long should benzodiazepines be used?

A: Short-term use due to risk of dependence.

Q: What is the mechanism of action of Buspirone?

A: Binds to serotonin and dopamine receptors; no sedation or dependency.

Q: What are therapeutic uses for Buspirone?

A: Panic disorder, OCD, PTSD, generalized anxiety disorder.

Q: How long does Buspirone take for full effect?

A: 2–6 weeks.

Q: What are common side effects of Buspirone?

A: Dizziness, nausea, headache.

Q: What are examples of SSRIs used for anxiety or depression?

A: Sertraline, Paroxetine, Fluoxetine.

Q: What is the main action of SSRIs?

A: Inhibit serotonin reuptake, increasing serotonin levels.

Q: How long do SSRIs take for therapeutic effect?

A: 4 weeks.

Q: What are common complications of SSRIs?

A: Sexual dysfunction, weight gain, serotonin syndrome.

Q: What are symptoms of serotonin syndrome?

A: Agitation, hallucinations, tremor, fever, diaphoresis.

Q: What is the therapeutic use of Bupropion?

A: Depression and smoking cessation aid.

Q: What are Bupropion side effects?

A: Headache, GI distress, insomnia, nausea, weight loss, seizures.

Q: What is a notable side effect of Trazodone?

A: Sedation.

Q: What is the action of tricyclic antidepressants like Amitriptyline?

A: Block reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

Q: What are major side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?

A: Anticholinergic effects, tachycardia, sedation, orthostatic hypotension.

Q: What are key anticholinergic effects?

A: Can’t pee, can’t see, can’t spit, can’t shit.

Q: What is a dangerous adverse effect of tricyclic antidepressants?

A: Cardiac toxicity (dysrhythmias).

Q: What are MAOIs used for?

A: Depression.

Q: What food interactions should be avoided with MAOIs?

A: Tyramine-rich foods (cheese, wine, salami).

Q: What can occur if MAOIs are taken with tyramine?

A: Hypertensive crisis.

Q: How long should MAOI dietary restrictions continue after stopping the drug?

A: 2 weeks.

Q: What is the mood stabilizer used for bipolar disorder?

A: Lithium carbonate.

Q: What are expected side effects of lithium?

A: GI upset and fine hand tremors.

Q: What are signs of lithium toxicity?

A: Coarse tremors, confusion, tinnitus, hypotension.

Q: What lithium level indicates toxicity?

A: Greater than 1.5 mEq/L.

Q: What medications increase lithium toxicity?

A: Diuretics and NSAIDs.

Q: What are complications of Valproic Acid?

A: Hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, thrombocytopenia.

Q: What are complications of Carbamazepine?

A: Blood dyscrasias and hypo-osmolality.

Q: What are first-generation antipsychotics?

A: Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine.

Q: What are common extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)?

A: Dystonia, parkinsonism, akathisia, tardive dyskinesia.

Q: What is neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)?

A: Life-threatening reaction with high fever, muscle rigidity, and dysrhythmias.

Q: How are EPS managed?

A: Anticholinergics, beta-blockers, and benzodiazepines.

Q: How long do first-generation antipsychotics take to work?

A: 2–4 weeks.

Q: What are second-generation antipsychotics?

A: Risperidone, Clozapine.

Q: What do atypical antipsychotics treat?

A: Both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Q: What are complications of atypical antipsychotics?

A: Diabetes, weight gain, hyperlipidemia, orthostatic hypotension.

Q: How often is IM risperidone given?

A: Every 2 weeks.

Q: What stimulant medications are used for ADHD?

A: Methylphenidate, Amphetamine mixture.

Q: When should the last dose of ADHD medication be given?

A: Before 4 pm to prevent insomnia.

Q: What are common complications of CNS stimulants?

A: Insomnia, decreased appetite, weight loss.

Q: When should CNS stimulants be administered?

A: During or after meals.