Chapter 10 Relationship and social Development

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Trust vs mistrust

lnfant learn to trust or distrust other people

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theroy Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt

self confidence or doubt their abilities

Konard lorenz’s imprintiing is

An innate form of learning in which the young will follow and become attached to a moving object

what did konard lorenz’s belief aboth imprinting

Imprinting is automatic, occurs within a critical period, is irreversible

what is attachment

A strong, enduring, affectional bond

maintain proximity

Prefer the person more than others

Use the person as a secure base in order to explore the environment

what is harlow’s attachment

Baby monkeys preferred contact with cloth surrogate mother over wire mother with a bottle.

Attachment requires a warm and responsive mother

what is john Bowlby’s 1969 attachment theory

Infants are biologically predisposed to form attachments

The first three years of life is the sensitive period for attachment

Internal working models

Cognitive representations of themselves and other people that shape their expectations about relationships

Bowlby’s attachment four stage

Indiscriminating Sociability (birth -2 months)-Rely on biologically determined mechanisms such as crying and smiling to elicit caregivers’ attention

Discriminating Sociability (2 – 7 months)- Start to prefer familiar adults when they are upset

Directed Attachment Behaviors (7 – 24 months)- Seek proximity to familiar adults and Stranger anxiety

Goal-corrected Partnerships (24 months +) -Can now vocalize their needs to others

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation

Secure, Insecure-Anxious/Ambivalent (Resistant), Insecure - Avoidant

Secure attachment

-Actively explores the room

-Upset by separation but welcomes mom when she returns

Insecure - Resistant

– Very upset when mom leaves

– Both approaches and pushes mom away when she returns

Insecure - Avoidant Attachment

– Show little distress when mom leaves

– Avoids contact when she returns

Since Ainsworth Disorganized/Disoriented, Reactive attachment

–No coherent strategy for dealing with anxiety

– May freeze, seek contact, or move away when mom returns

– Institutionalized children

Continuity of Attachment Style Securely attached infants

Parents buffer stress and adversity

Better language skills

Adjust to school & positive evals from teachers

Continuity of Attachment Style Insecurely attached infants

Less likely to explore environment

Give up when confronted with challenges

Less able to monitor abilities

Postpartum depression

type of depression that happens after childbirth. New parents may feel extreme sadness, anxiety, exhaustion, or struggle to bond with their baby. It’s caused by hormonal changes, stress, and other factors

Developmental Sequence at 7-12 months

Can distinguish male and female faces

Developmental Sequence at 24 months

Knowledge of gender-typical activities

Developmental Sequence at 2-3 years

Uses gender words accurately (gender labeling)

– 67% can gender label by 24 months (Campbell et al., 2004)

Gender labeling

when people assign a gender to themselves or others based on societal norms, appearance, or identity

Gender constancy

Realizing that gender doesn’t change based on clothing or activities

Baby X Studies

Newborn girls are less strong, delicate and finer features

explore how adults treat infants based on perceived gender

Gender Differences in Parenting fathers

Overall, fathers and mothers have more similar than different interactions with their infants

Fathers exert more influence for traditional gender roles

Fathers become more involved in toddlerhood

Gender Differences in Parenting mothers

Women provide most of the child- care

Moms are more likely to provide care and dads are more likely to be playmates