Muscles of the Torso/Shoulder and Scapular Movers, Muscular System-Face/Neck/Core Muscle Actions, Intro to Muscular System, Muscle Name Indications

What is the action of the Pectoralis major?

Depresses, downwards rotates, and protracts scapula

Internally Rotates and adducts the shoulder

What is the action of the Pectoralis minor?

Depresses, downward rotates and protracts the scapula, Depresses point of shoulder

What is the action of the Serratus anterior?

Protracts and stabilizes scapula, assists in upward rotation

What is the action of the Latissimus dorsi?

Adducts, extends, internally rotates the arm; Depresses and downward rotates the scapula

What is the action of the Anterior deltoid?

Forward flexes shoulder

int. rotates shoulder

What is the action of the lateral deltoid?

Abducts shoulder

What is the action of the posterior deltoid?

Extends the shoulder

What is the action of the Teres Major?

Internally rotates humerus

What is the action of the Subscapularis?

Rotates the arm internally

What is the action of the Infraspinatus?

Rotates the arm externally

What is the action of the Supraspinatus?

Internally rotates shoulder

Abducts shoulder

stabilizes humerus

What is the action of the Teres Minor?

Externally rotates

adducts the shoulder

What muscles make up the rotator cuff?

Infraspinatus, Supraspinatus, Subscapularis and Teres Minor

What are the Elevators of the scapula?

Levator Scapula, Trapezius and Rhomboids

What are the Depressors of the scapula?

Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, latissimus dorsi and Trapezius and serratus anterior

What are the Upward Rotators of the scapula?

Serratus Anterior and Trapezius

What are the Downward Rotators of the scapula?

Latissimus Dorsi, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, Rhomboids and Levator Scapula

What are the Retractors of the scapula?

Rhomboids, Latissimus Dorsi and Trapezius

What are the Protractors of the scapula?

Serratus anterior, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, levator scapula

What are the Internal rotators of the shoulder?

subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, ant. deltoid

What are the external rotators of the shoulder?

infraspinatus, teres minor, supraspinatus

What is the action of the Levator anguli oris?

Allows us to smile

elevates corner of mouth

What is the action of the Masseter?

elevates and retracts mandible (closes jaw)

What is the action of the temporalis?

elevates and retracts mandible (closes jaw)

What is the action of the Platysma?

Draws the corners of the mouth down, and draws the skin of the neck up

What is the action of the Longus Colli?

Cervical flexion

What is the action of the Scalenes?

Elevates ribs 1+2

cervical rotation and lateral flexion

What is the action of the Sternocleidomastoid?

Cervical flexion

cervical extension

cervical rotation

What is the action of the Splenius capitis?

cervical rotation

cervical extension

cervical lateral flexion

What is the action of the Semispinalis Capitis?

cervical extension

What is the action of the Trapezius?

Elevates scapula

Depresses scapula

Upward rotates scapula

Retracts the scapula

What is the action of the Erector Spinae?

extends vertebral column (bilateral action)

lateral flexion of vertebral column (unilateral action)

What is the action of the Interspinales muscles?

Extension of vertebral column

Flexion of vertebral column

Rotation of vertebral column

What is the action of the Levator Scapulae?

Elevate scapula

Downwards rotates scapula

Cervical extension

Cervical later flexion

Cervical rotation

What is the action of the Rhomboids?

Elevates scapula

Retracts the scapula

Downward rotates scapula

What is the action of the Multifidus?

Stabilizes vertebral column

What is the action of the intercostal muscles?

Elevates/depresses ribs- inspiration/expiration

What is the action of the Diaphragm?

Contracts to force inhalation

Helps to expel vomit, feces, and urine

What is the action of the External Obliques?

Flexes the trunk

Lateral flexion of the trunk

Rotation of the trunk

What is the action of the Transverse Abdominis?

Compress the ribs and viscera

Provides thoracic and pelvic stability

What is the action of the Rectus Abdominis?

Trunk flexion

Compression of abdomen

What is the action of the Quadratus Lumborum?

Lateral flexion of the trunk, depression of thoracic cage

What is the action of the Cremaster?

Raises and lowers the scrotum

What is the layman's term for when our diaphragm gets struck?

Getting your wind knocked out?

What is the layman's term for when our diaphragm goes into a spasm?

Hiccups

List 5 muscles which help make up the "Core Muscle" group?

Rectus Abdominis, Transverse Abdominis, External Oblique, Internal Oblique, Multifidus, Erector Spinae, Diaphragm and Interspinalis

What is the function of the Frontalis?

Raises the eyebrows, wrinkle forehead

What is the function of the Orbicularis oculi?

Allows the eyes to close

What is the function of the Pharyngeal constrictor?

Allows us to swallow

What is the function of the Orbicularis oris?

Allows the lips to pucker

What is the function of the Internal Oblique?

Compresses abdomen and rotates vertebral column.

The human body has more than

___?_______ individual muscles

600

Explain how do muscles cause bones and supported structures to move?

By alternating between contraction and relaxation

Identify 4 functions of muscles?

Movement

Stability

Control of body openings and passages

Heat production

Describe the make up of muscle ("ladder")

Muscle

Fascicles

Myocyte (muscle fiber/cell)

Myofibrils

Filaments

Identify how are skeletal muscles attached to bone?

Tendon

In order to move joints, skeletal muscle must ______________?

Cross the joints

Identify where are smooth muscles found?

Found in hollow organ walls

Explain what do smooth muscle contractions produce?

Their contractions produce movement of organ contents

Explain what is the function of cardiac muscle?

Produces atrial and ventricular contractions which pumps blood from the heart into the blood vessels

Explain what source of energy is released with a muscle contraction?

Heat

Identify what involuntary action does our bodies make in order to to warm up when we are cold?

Shivering

Identify what is a muscle cell called?

Myocyte

Identify what is a sarcolemma?`

Membrane of a myocyte

Identify what is a sarcoplasm?

Gel-like substance inside of a myocyte

Explain what produces muscles striations?

Arrangement of filaments in myofibrils

Explain what is the perimysium of a muscle?

Connective tissue that holds a bundle of muscle fibers (fascicles) together

Explain what is the endomysium of a muscle?

Connective tissue that holds a muscle fiber (bundle of myofibrils) together

Explain what is the major function of skeletal muscles?

Produces body movements

Explain what is the major function of smooth muscles?

Moves contents through organs involuntarily

Explain what is the major function of cardiac muscles?

Pumps blood through heart involuntarily

Explain what does the neurotransmitter acetylcholine cause skeletal muscles to do?

Contract

Following contraction, muscles release the enzyme ______?__________

Acetylcholinesterase

Explain what does acetylcholinesterase do in skeletal muscles?

Breaks down acetylcholine, Allows muscle to relax

List 2 types of smooth muscles?

Multi-unit smooth muscle and Visceral smooth muscle

Where do we find visceral smooth muscles?

In walls of hollow organs

Explain what is peristalsis?

Rhythmic contraction that pushes substances through tubes of the body

Identify what nuerotransmitter slows the heart rate?

Acetylcholine

Identify what nuerotransmitter speeds up the heart rate?

Norepinephrine

Identify what is a type of chemical energy used in the muscular system?

Adenosine Tri-phosphate (ATP)

List the 3 ways muscle cells make ATP?

ATP-Cc/Phospho-Creatine System

Rapid production of energy (No O2) = Anaerobic

Glycolytic System

Moderate amounts of ATP (4 ATP) =Anaerobic

Oxidative System

Aerobic respiration With O2 (34 ATP) =Aerobic

Identify 3 conditions which cause muscle fatigue, which in turn causes a muscle to lose its ability to contract?

Accumulation of lactic acid

Interruption of the blood supply to a muscle

A motor neuron loses its ability to release acetylcholine onto muscle fibers

List 4 major components of the muscular system?

Connective tissue

Muscle tissue

Blood vessels

Nerves

Explain what is fascia?

Connective tissue that seperate muscles from each other

Explain what is an aponuerosis?

A tough, sheet-like structure made of fibrous connective tissue

that attaches muscles to other muscles

Explain what is a tendon?

A tough, cord-like structure made of fibrous connective tissue

that connects muscles to bones

Explain what is a muscle origin?

The muscles starting attachment: an attachment site for a less movable bone

Explain what is a muscle insertion?

the muscles ending attachment: an attachment site for a more moveable bone

Explain what is a agonist muscle?

Muscle responsible for most of the movement

Explain what is a secondary mover?

Muscles that help the prime mover by stabilizing joints

Explain what is an antagonist muscle?

Muscles that produce movements opposite to prime mover

List 5 facts a muscle name may indicate?

Location

Size

Action

Shape

OR

Number of attachments of the muscle

When a muscle contracts it will shorten towards its ________________________________?

Origin

Define the term isometric contraction?

Agonist and antagonist muscles contract together so this is no joint movement

Define the term concentric contraction?

The muscle shortens as it contracts

Define the term eccentric contraction?

The muscle lengthens as it contracts

Define what a sphincter muscle is?

Valve-like structures that controls movement of substances in and out of passages

Maximus

largest

Minimus

smallest

Medius

intermediate in size