Exam 1 - Qs from Book

The "means" of science, which involves _________ testing, is carried out under controlled __________ or circumstances

hypothesis; conditions

___________ are the factors which constructs describe that are capable of assuming different values.

Variables

Variables may be defined _________ according to the manner in which they are assigned, manipulated, or measured.

operationally

Antecedent causes are defined as ______ variables, whereas those viewed as the consequent effects are called ______ variables.

independent; dependent

A conjectural statement about the relationship between the dependent and independent variable is called a research _________ formulated to be tested under __________ conditions

hypothesis; controlled

Whatever role a clinician might play, professional effectiveness can be augmented by thinking and behaving as a ______ ______. Such thinking and behaving processes characterize the so-called _______ _________.

clinical scientist; scientific method

Adopting a ___________ _____________ in our clinical work will help us achieve this goal.

scientific perspective

____________ methods are commonly used by clinicians to _________ or ____________ phenomena.

Descriptive; classify; categorize

Relationship questions ask about the degree to which certain classes or categories of ___________ change in __________ with other variables

variables; association

When the measure of one variable is found to be statistically related to the measure of a second variable they are said to be ____________.

correlated

A classic example of _______________ research is embodied in the work of Piaget.

qualitative

True experimental designs can be distinguished from all others on the basis of two major factors: (1) random ______________ of subjects to at least two groups and (2) some type of active _____________ to be performed on an experimental group of subject who are then compared with a _____________ group.

assignment; manipulation; control

Asking and answering clinical questions allow us to better _________, _______________, and ______________ the results of testing procedures and treatment programs.

interpret; understand; predict

One way to identify an important research study is by noting the _____________ of its __________________ by other researchers

frequency; citations

The first issue to settle in determining the feasibility of a study is whether or not the ____________ or ___________ is stated in a ____________ form.

question; hypothesis; testable

Once you have selected a problem, the next step is to define its parameters either in the form of a _______ ________ or a _______.

research question; hypothesis

Having stated a hypothesis in the ________ form, we then apply a statistical test to determine if it can be _________.

null; rejected

Whether the null hypothesis is stated formally or simply implied, it must be formulated as to allow for its ________ given the results of ________ _________.

rejection; statistical testing

A(n) ______ _________ can be defined as the population to which the investigator wishes to generalize.

target population

The goal of ________ _________ is to establish equivalent groups by balancing subject characteristics on the basis of the available subject pool.

random assignment

There are two basic assumptions underlying a sampling approach called simple random sampling: (1) each number of the population must have a(n) _______ ________ of being selected, and (2) one's chance for inclusion must not be because of others having been ___________. Given the wish of an investigator to obtain a sample of 500 people to survey from a population of 20,000, then the probablity for selection the sample is _________.

equal chance; selected; 500/20,000 or .0025 or 25%

_________ sampling is a parsimonious way of drawing a sample from a large population when a membership is available.

Systematic

______________ can occur if the elements in the list are arranged in a cyclical manner or particular pattern that might bias the outcome.

Periodicity

___________ sampling techniques involve dividing a population into subgroups called _____________ in order to assure that certain segments of the population are adequately represented in a sample.

Stratified; strata

__________ sampling involves using a multistage procedure in which smaller samples are selected from larger units.

Cluster

A potential disadvantage of cluster sampling is that it is subject to a greater degree of __________ __________ than is simple random sampling or systematic sampling. This is because clusters of elements are _________.

sampling error; homogenous

____________ ____________, the proportion of subjects willing to participate to those selected, may influence the ____________ of inferences.

Response rate; validity

________________ sampling is the technique commonly used by the media to poll attitudes or opinions about current events.

Convenience