Applied Kinesiology Chapter 5: Shoulder and Shoulder Girdle

Vocabulary flashcards covering the anatomy, joints, movements, and actions of the shoulder girdle and shoulder joint from Applied Kinesiology Chapter 5.

Clavicle

An S-shaped collarbone extending from the manubrium of the sternum to the acromion process of the scapula.

Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint

A diarthrosis joint formed between the proximal end of the clavicle and the clavicular notch of the manubrium of the sternum.

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint

A planar diarthrosis joint with incongruent joint surfaces between the distal end of the clavicle and the acromion process of the scapula.

Scapulothoracic Joint

A functional, non-synovial joint where the scapula sits over the ribs and is supported by muscles rather than ligaments.

Scapular Elevation

An upward or superior movement of the scapula, such as shrugging the shoulders.

Scapular Depression

A downward or inferior movement of the scapula, returning it to its normal position from an elevated state.

Scapular Abduction (Protraction)

Movement of the scapula laterally away from the spinal column.

Scapular Adduction (Retraction)

Movement of the scapula medially toward the spinal column.

Scapular Upward Rotation

Turning the glenoid fossa upward and moving the inferior angle superolaterally away from the spinal column.

Scapular Downward Rotation

Returning the inferior angle inferomedially toward the spinal column and returning the glenoid fossa to its normal position.

Pectoralis Minor

Anterior shoulder girdle muscle originating on the ribs and inserting on the coracoid process, responsible for anterior tilt of the scapula and innervated by the medial pectoral nerve.

Serratus Anterior

Anterior shoulder girdle muscle originating on the angles of ribs 1-9 and inserting on the medial border of the scapula, responsible for scapular protraction and upward rotation.

Subclavius

Anterior shoulder girdle muscle originating on the 1st rib and inserting on the inferior clavicle, responsible for depressing the clavicle.

Levator Scapulae

Posterior shoulder girdle muscle originating on the transverse processes of C1-C4 and inserting on the superior/medial portion of the scapula, responsible for scapular elevation.

Rhomboid Major

Posterior shoulder girdle muscle originating on T2-T5 and inserting on the medial border of the scapula, responsible for scapular retraction, downward rotation, and elevation.

Rhomboid Minor

Posterior shoulder girdle muscle originating on C7-T1 and inserting on the medial border of the scapula, responsible for scapular retraction, downward rotation, and elevation.

Upper Trapezius

Posterior muscle originating on the external occipital protuberance, occiput, and C7 SP, inserting on the lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, acromion process, and spine of the scapula.

Middle Trapezius

Posterior muscle originating on the SP of T1-T3, inserting on the lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, acromion process, and spine of the scapula, responsible for scapular retraction and upward rotation.

Lower Trapezius

Posterior muscle originating on the SP of T4-T12, inserting on the lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, acromion process, and spine of the scapula, responsible for scapular upward rotation, retraction, and depression.

Glenohumeral (GH) Joint

A multiaxial ball and socket joint with 3 degrees of freedom formed by the articulation of the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula with the head of the humerus.

Coracoacromial Arch

A structure formed by the coracoacromial ligament that prevents superior translation of the humerus.

Scapulohumeral Rhythm

A $2:1$ ratio of glenohumeral to scapulothoracic motion through a full $180^\times$ range of motion, where every $2^\times$ of GH motion corresponds to $1^\times$ of scapular motion.

Pectoralis Major

Anterior shoulder muscle originating on the clavicle, sternum, and ribs 2-6, inserting on the crest of the greater tubercle, responsible for GH adduction, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation.

Coracobrachialis

Anterior shoulder muscle originating on the coracoid process and inserting on the middle 1/3 of the humerus, responsible for GH flexion and horizontal adduction.

Subscapularis

Rotator cuff muscle originating on the subscapular fossa and inserting on the lesser tubercle, responsible for internal rotation and dynamic GH joint stability.

Deltoid

Superior shoulder muscle originating on the acromion process and spine of the scapula, inserting on the deltoid tuberosity, responsible for GH flexion (anterior), abduction (middle), and extension (posterior).

Supraspinatus

Rotator cuff muscle originating on the supraspinous fossa and inserting on the greater tubercle, responsible for GH abduction and dynamic GH joint stability.

Infraspinatus

Rotator cuff muscle originating on the infraspinous fossa and inserting on the greater tubercle, responsible for GH external rotation and dynamic GH joint stability.

Teres Minor

Rotator cuff muscle originating on the lateral border of the scapula and inserting on the greater tubercle, responsible for GH external rotation and dynamic GH joint stability.

Latissimus Dorsi

Posterior shoulder muscle originating on the thoracolumbar fascia and thoracic/lumbar vertebrae, inserting on the crest of the lesser tubercle, acting in GH extension, adduction, and internal rotation.

Teres Major

Posterior shoulder muscle referred to as "lat's little helper", originating on the lateral border of the scapula and inserting on the crest of the lesser tubercle.

Brachial Plexus

A network formed by nerve roots C5-T1 supplying almost all of the upper extremity, terminating in five branches: radial, median, ulnar, musculocutaneous, and axillary nerves.