Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Diseases

Flashcards covering the ocular manifestations of various systemic diseases including Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Sickle Cell Disease, Albinism, Myasthenia Gravis, Thyroid Eye Disease, and HIV/AIDS.

Rubeosis Iridis

Neovascularization of the iris, frequently associated with Diabetes Mellitus.

Snow flake cataract

A type of lens opacity seen specifically in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)

Retinal changes seen in patients with diabetes, characterized as a microangiopathy affecting precapillary arterioles, capillaries, and venules.

4-2-1 RULE

A classification for severe NPDR consisting of: severe haemorrhage in all 4 quadrants, venous beading in 2 quadrants, or moderate IRMA in 1 or more quadrant.

IRMA

Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities, a feature used in the grading of Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Advanced diabetic eye disease (ADED)

Late-stage complications of diabetes including Tractional RD, Persistent VH, and Neovascular glaucoma.

Elschnig’s spots

Ischaemic choroidal infarcts appearing as an ocular manifestation of hypertension.

Keith and Wegner classification

A system used to classify hypertensive retinopathy into four distinct grades.

Sign of sickling

Ocular disc sign appearing as dark red blots on the disc surface due to small vessel occlusion in sickle cell disease.

Salmon patches

Orange red superficial intraretinal haemorrhages characteristic of non-proliferative sickle cell retinopathy.

Black sunburst

Patches of RPE hyperplasia and chorioretinal atrophy seen in sickle cell disease.

Sea fan neovascularization

Stage 3 of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy characterized by specific patterns of new vessel growth.

Tyrosinase-negative albinism

A form of albinism where patients are incapable of synthesizing any melanin, leading to visual acuity of $< 6/60$ due to foveal hypoplasia.

Foveal hypoplasia

The underdevelopment of the fovea, leading to impaired visual acuity in both tyrosinase-positive and tyrosinase-negative albinism.

Myasthenia gravis (MG)

An autoimmune disease where antibodies destroy acetylcholine receptors in skeletal muscles, leading to weakness and fatiguability.

Cogan twitch sign

A clinical sign associated with the diagnosis of ocular myasthenia.

Myopathic facies

A lack of facial expression caused by the involvement of facial musculature in systemic myasthenia gravis.

Graves disease

An autoimmune form of thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism) that presents with ocular involvement in the 4th to 5th decades of life.

Dalrymple sign

A clinical sign of lid retraction or scleral show associated with Graves disease.

Kocher sign

A clinical sign of lid retraction occurring in thyroid eye disease.

Von Graefe sign

A sign of lid retraction associated with thyroid eye disease.

Exposure keratopathy

A condition where severe proptosis compromises lid closure, leading to corneal ulceration and infection.

Restrictive myopathy

Ophthalmoplegia in thyroid eye disease where ocular motility is restricted by inflammatory oedema and later by fibrosis.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis

An opportunistic retinal infection that occurs in HIV/AIDS patients when the CD4 lymphocyte count is $< 100$.

HIV Retinopathy/Microangiopathy

A retinal condition in HIV patients characterized by cotton wool spots, microaneurysms, and retinal haemorrhages due to direct viral invasion or immune complex deposition.