Anatomy and Physiology Summer Assignment Flashcards

Human Anatomy & Physiology summer assignment MCQ

Which of the following properties or processes do we associate with living things?

Evolutionary practices, growth and reproductions, energy processing, and responding to the environment.

Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the least to most complex level?

Molecule, cell, organ system, population, ecosystem, biosphere

Which of the following is a false statement regarding DNA?

All forms of life are composed of cells that have a membrane-enclosed nucleus.

The lowest level of biological organization capable of performing all activities required for life is the?

Cell (Example: Skin cell)

A type of protein critical to all cells is organic catalysts is called?

Enzymes

Once labor begins in childbirth, contractions increase in intensity and frequency until delivery. The increasing labor contractions of childbirth are an example of?

Positive Feedback

When blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin, and as a result blood glucose levels decline. When blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon, and as a result blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of blood glucose level is the result of?

Negative Feedback

Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life?

The universality of the genetic code

A controlled experiment is one in which?

There are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment.

Why is it important that an experiment includes a control group?

Without a control group, there is no basis for knowing if a particular result is due to the variable being tested or to some other factor.

About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which 4 of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen

Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that’s required by humans and other vertebrates?

Iodine

Different atomic forms of an element that contain the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. What are these different atomic forms called?

Isotopes

Atoms whose outer electron shells contain 8 electrons tend to?

Be stable and chemically nonreactive, or inert

A covalent chemical bond is one in which?

Outer-shell electrons of 2 atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms.

When 2 atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form?

Non-polar covalent bonds

What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms?

A polar covalent bond

Which molecule contains the strongest polar covalent bond?

Water (H₂O)

What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons. and ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms.

What explains the attraction between water molecules to one another?

Hydrogen bond

Water's high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the?

Absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form.

Hydrophobic substances, such as vegetable oil, are?

Non-polar substances that repel water molecules

What is the pH of a solution with a hydroxyl ion [OH-] concentration of 10^-12 M?

pH 2 (pH = 14 - (-log[OH]))

What is the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion [H+] concentration of 10^-8 M?

pH 8 (pH = -log[H])

What has a high concentration of hydrogen ions [H+]?

Gastric juice at pH 2 (Lower the pH, higher the [H+])

If the pH of a solution increased from 5 to 7, that means the?

Concentration of OH- is 100 times greater than what it was at pH 5.

Carbonic acid [H₂CO₃] is a weak acid that dissociates into a bicarbonate ion [HCO₃-] and a hydrogen ion [H+].

H₂CO₃ ←→ HCO₃- + H+

If the pH of the blood drops, one would expect?

A decrease in the concentration of H₂CO₃ and an increase in the concentration of HCO₃-.

Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of?

Carbon compounds

What contains nitrogen, in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen?

Amino acid, such as glycine

What is a hydroxyl functional group?

Contains a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen (-OH)

What is an amino functional group?

Contains a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms (-NH2)

Testosterone and estradiol are?

Steroids

What is not a polymer?

Glucose

A chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers is a?

Dehydration reaction

How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long?

10 (1 less)

What is false for the class of biological molecules known as lipids?

Lipids are soluble in water

Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?

Peptide bonds

The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape.

What is the term used for a change in a protein’s 3-dimensional shape of conformation due to disruption of hydrogens bonds, disulfides bridges, or ionic bonds?

Denaturation

What best describes the flow of information in eukaryotic cells?

DNA → RNA → Proteins

What description best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?

A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar.

If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine?

40

If one strand of DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5’ATTGCA3’, the other complementary strand would have the sequence?

3’TAACGT5’

What is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells?

The need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the cell's function

What type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

What structure is responsible for the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?

Rough ER

In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components.

Which organelle functions in this compartmentalization?

Lysosome

What the one of the main energy transformers of cells?

Mitochondrion

Which molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane?

Phospholipids and Proteins

What does a protein need to be an integral membrane protein?

Amphipathic

What is true of integral membrane proteins?

They are usually transmembrane proteins

What often serves as receptors or cell recognition molecules on cell surfaces?

Glycoproteins

What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?

Small and Hydrophobic

A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water, equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins.

What will be the most probable result of this transfusion?

The patient's red blood cells will swell because the blood fluid is hypotonic compared to the cells.

Isotonic solutions are?

Solutions that have the same osmotic pressure (no net change)

What is a factor that determines whether the molecule enters the cytoplasm of specific target cells?

The liquid composition of the target cells’ plasma membrane.

What membrane activity requires engird from ATP hydrolysis?

Na+ ions moving out of the cell

How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare with their parent cell the it was in G₁ of the cell cycle?

Daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA.

Taxol must affect what to stop mitosis?

The fibers of the mitotic spindle.

If mammalian cells receive a go ahead signal at the G₁ checkpoint, they will?

Complete the cycle and divide.

Cells in a non-dividing state are in what phase?

G₀