The Human Body - Chapter 1 Review (Anatomy & Physiology)

Flashcards covering core topics from the notes: form and function, anatomy/physiology subdivisions, structural organization, organ systems, homeostasis, planesh, cavities, serosae, directional terms, anatomical position, and body regions.

What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

Function always reflects structure; the form of a structure determines its function.

What are the main subdivisions of anatomy mentioned in the notes?

Gross/macroscopic anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and developmental (embryology) anatomy.

What are the gross/macroscopic subdivisions of anatomy?

Regional anatomy, systemic anatomy, and surface anatomy.

What are cytology and histology?

Cytology is the microscopic study of cells; histology is the microscopic study of tissues.

What does developmental anatomy study?

Anatomical and physiological development throughout life, i.e., embryology for before birth.

List the levels of structural organization from the smallest to the largest scale.

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level.

What is the organismal level?

All organ systems combined to make the whole organism.

How many organ systems are there and can you name them?

11 organ systems: Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

What is the primary function of the Integumentary system?

Forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous receptors and glands.

What is the primary function of the Skeletal system?

Protects and supports body organs, provides a framework for movement, forms blood cells, and stores minerals.

What is the primary function of the Muscular system?

Allows movement, locomotion, facial expression, posture, and heat production.

What is the primary function of the Nervous system?

Fast-acting control system that responds to changes by activating muscles and glands.

What is the primary function of the Endocrine system?

Glands secrete hormones regulating growth, reproduction, and metabolism.

What is the primary function of the Cardiovascular system?

Transports blood, delivering oxygen and nutrients and removing wastes; the heart pumps blood.

What is the primary function of the Lymphatic/Immunity system?

Picks up fluid leaked from vessels, returns it to blood, houses white blood cells, and supports immunity.

What is the primary function of the Respiratory system?

Keeps blood oxygenated and removes carbon dioxide via gas exchange in the lungs.

What is the primary function of the Digestive system?

Breaks down food into absorbable units and distributes them via the blood; eliminates indigestible substances.

What is the primary function of the Urinary system?

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance in blood.

What is the primary function of the Male and Female Reproductive systems?

Production of offspring; testes/ovaries produce gametes and hormones; remaining structures support reproduction and nurturing of offspring.

What are the five (five) survival needs listed in the notes?

Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal body temperature, Appropriate atmospheric pressure.

Name at least five necessary life functions for maintaining life.

Maintaining boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth.

What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite changes in the external environment; a dynamic state of equilibrium.

Which body systems play major roles in communication for homeostasis?

Nervous and Endocrine (hormonal) systems.

What are the three components of a homeostatic control system?

Receptor (sensor), Control center, and Effector.

What is negative feedback?

Output reduces or shuts off the original stimulus; variable moves in the opposite direction of the initial change.

Give an example of negative feedback.

Regulation of body temperature or regulation of blood glucose by insulin.

What is a positive feedback mechanism?

A response that enhances or amplifies the original stimulus, driving the variable further from its initial value.

Give examples of positive feedback.

Labor contractions (oxytocin) and platelet plug formation/blood clotting.

What is the Standard Anatomical Position?

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body.

What does Superior mean in anatomical terms?

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure; above.

What does Inferior mean in anatomical terms?

Away from the head end or toward the lower part; below.

What does Anterior (ventral) mean?

Toward or at the front of the body.

What does Posterior (dorsal) mean?

Toward or at the back of the body.

What does Medial mean?

Toward the midline of the body; on the inner side.

What does Lateral mean?

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side.

What does Proximal mean?

Closer to the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

What does Distal mean?

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

What does Superficial mean?

Toward or at the body surface; external.

What does Deep mean?

Away from the body surface; more internal.

What are the three primary body planes?

Sagittal, Frontal (Coronal), and Transverse (Horizontal) planes.

What is a midsagittal (median) plane?

A sagittal plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves.

What is a Parasagittal plane?

A sagittal plane that divides the body into right and left parts that are not equal.

What is the Frontal (Coronal) plane?

Divides the body vertically into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

What is the Transverse (Horizontal) plane?

Divides the body horizontally into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts.

What is an Oblique section?

A plane cut at an angle other than 90 degrees to a vertical plane.

What are Body Cavities?

Closed spaces that protect and separate organs; dorsal and ventral cavities.

What are the subdivisions of the Dorsal Body Cavity?

Cranial cavity and Vertebral (spinal) cavity.

What are the subdivisions of the Ventral Body Cavity?

Thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic (abdominal + pelvic) cavity, separated by the diaphragm.

What is the thoracic cavity subdivided into?

Two pleural cavities (one per lung) and the Mediastinum (contains pericardial cavity).

What is the pericardial cavity?

The cavity that encloses the heart within the mediastinum.

What is serous membrane?

Thin, double-layered membranes (parietal and visceral) that cover surfaces in the ventral body cavity; serous fluid reduces friction.

What are serous membranes named for?

The cavities and organs they cover: Pericardium (heart), Pleurae (lungs), and Peritoneum (abdominopelvic cavity).

What are the abdominopelvic quadrants?

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ).

What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?

Right hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left hypochondriac; Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left lumbar; Right iliac (inguinal), Hypogastric, Left iliac (inguinal).

What smaller cavities are exposed to the environment?

Oral/digestive cavity, Nasal cavity, Orbital cavities, Middle ear cavities.

What cavities are not exposed to the environment?

Synovial (joint) cavities.