Openstax Microbiology Chapter 10

Mouse injected with R strain

Mouse lives because of nonvirulent strain

Mouse injected with heat- killed S strain

Mouse Lives because of dead strain

Mouse injected with R strain and heat killed S strain

Mouse dies because of transformation

Mouse Injected with transformed R strain

Mouse Dies

A mouse injected with dead S strain virus and R strain with no addition of enzymes

The mouse will die

A mouse injected with dead S strain virus and R strain with addition of protein enzymes

The mouse will die because only proteins were degraded.

A mouse injected with dead S strain virus and R strain with addition of ribonuclease enzymes.

The mouse will die because only RNA was degraded.

A mouse injected with dead S strain virus and R strain with addition of deoxyribonuclease enzymes.

The mouse will live because DNA is degraded proving transformation.

P Labeled Phages DNA Infect bacteria

Phages within bacteria contained the protein labeled DNA.

S labeled Protein coat Phages infect bacteria

Phages within the bacteria do no contain the labeled protein coat.

What does DNA consist of?

A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous Base. There is a -OH group on the 3' and an H on the 2'.

Pyrimidines

cytosine and thymine (single ring)

Purines

Adenine and Guanine (2 rings)

Phosphodiester Bonds

Linkages where the phosphate group is attached to the 5' of the sugar and the 3' of the next sugar.

Nucleotide

Monomer of Nucleic Acid. In DNA 1 phosphate group, in cytoplasm 3 phosphates like ATP!

Anti-parallel

The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.

Hydrogen Bonds

Connect the base pairs within the double helix structure.

Denaturation

The process of splitting a double stranded DNA into single strands.

Renaturation

The process of reconnecting two complimentary strands of DNA. Also known as re-annealing,

Vertical Gene Transfer

transfer of genes from an organism to its offspring

DNA replication

The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.

What does RNA consist of?

A ribose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. On both the 2' & 3' pf the sugar there are -OH groups.

Uracil

a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine

Protein Synthesis with mRNA & tRNA

1. Large and small ribosomal units surround the mRNA and begin to read the strand.

2. tRNA enters the large ribosomal sub unit with an amino acid attached.

3. A second tRNA enters and receives the amino acid from the first and a polypeptide chain begins.

What is the structure of tRNA?

A three-dimentsional shape with an amino acid end and an anticodon end.

mRNA

Structure: short and unstable. RNA corresponds to the gene encoded within the DNA.

Function: An intermediary between DNA and protein.

A track for the ribosome to direct the synthesis of proteins.

rRNA

Structure: Long and stable. 60% of ribosome mass.

Function: Ensures proper alignment of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosome. During protein synthesis rRNA catalyzes the peptide bond formation between the added amino acids.

tRNA

Structure: short (70-90 nucleotides) and stable. This RNA has extensive intramolecular base pairing. Amino acid and anti codon binding sites.

Function: Carries the correct amino acid to site of protein synthesis within the ribosome.

RNA can be hereditary information for

Viruses

Rhinoviruses, influenza, Ebola, and HIV

Single stranded RNA viruses

Double stranded RNA viruses

Rota-viruses and immune-compromised individuals

Indicator of viral infections in humans

Double stranded RNA. It is uncommon in Eukaryotic Cells.

Genome

all of an organism's genetic material

Gene

Segments of DNA molecules that contain the instructional code necessary for synthesizing proteins, enzymes or RNA

Genotype

genetic makeup

Phenotype

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

A ribosome acts as a

Translator

What percentage of prokaryotic DNA is non coding?

12%

Prokaryotic cells are

haploid

What percentage of Eukaryotic DNA is non coding?

98%

Extra-chromosomal DNA

Additional DNA outside of the chromosome

Eukaryotic cells are

diploid