Lecture 20 - Avian Anesthesia and Critical Care

Yes

Is anesthesia indicated in birds for all surgical procedures, and for minor procedures to reduce stress during exams, blood collection, imaging, and bandaging?

Yes

Does anesthesia in birds carry increased risks when the patient has an abnormal health status?

Crop

Pre-anesthetic fasting in birds is typically done only to ensure that which GI organ is empty? The exact length depends on the size of the bird.

Regurgitation

Fledgling parrots, frugivores, nectivores, piscivores, and carnivore birds are all prone to what upon anesthesia administration?

Increase

Do anesthesia risks increase or decrease with altered mentation, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, respiratory distress, dehydration, coelom enlargement, and abnormal droppings?

Raptors

Premedication is often used in which birds, as well as all stressed birds? These drugs include Med + Ket, and Midazolam.

Sedation

What, instead of general anesthesia, should be considered for short procedures in birds? These drugs include midazolam or midazolam and butorphanol together, and can be given either intranasally or IM.

Multimodal

What type of approach should be used for analgesia in birds, which includes drugs like NSAIDs and butorphanol?

Inhalant

The use of premedication drugs in birds reduces the requirements for which type of anesthetic drugs?

General

A heating pad, thermometer, masks, ET tubes, capnographs, and a stethoscope are the basic tools required for what type of anesthesia in birds?

Isoflurane, Sevoflurane

For anesthetic induction, a 4-5% mix of which two inhalant anesthetics is given by mask, along with oxygen? You should take precautions to minimize leakage of inhalant anesthetics in the environment.

1

How much oxygen, in L/min, should be given to medium-sized birds during anesthesia induction?

Chamber

What tool for anesthesia induction can be used for small birds stressed by restraint?

Yes

Can injectable combinations of drugs be used for anesthesia induction in birds, such as ketamine + midazolam/medetomidine (IM), tiletamine-zolazepam (IM), propofol (IV), and alfaxalone (IV or IM)?

No

Is the cuff inflated when intubating birds?

Cole

What type of airway tube is used in some birds, especially macaws?

Small

Are IV catheters more often used in anesthesia for small, medium, or large birds?

Mandible

When intubating a bird, the tube will be taped to what bone/face structure?

Cannulation

As an alternative to intubation in birds, what air sac procedure can also be done, especially if there is obstruction of the trachea/syrinx/major bronchi, and in head/trachea surgeries? It can be left in place for 4 days.

Cranial

What type of tracheal bifurcation in penguins makes them difficult to intubate?

Crista ventralis

What structure in pelicans is a septum or projection in the glottis, and makes them more difficult to intubate, requiring a smaller tube?

Owls

Which birds, along with some others, do not have a true crop?

Macaws

In which birds especially can mucosal trauma and stenosis formation occur if the ET tube is pushed too far into the trachea? This is due to tracheal narrowing deeper along the trachea.

High

Should gas flow be high or low during anesthesia maintenance in birds?

1-6

Assisted ventilation should be done about how many times per minute in birds in order to circulate air through the air sacs?

More

Is overdosage of inhalant anesthetics more or less likely in birds compared to mammals?

Nonrebreathing

Should you use rebreathing or nonrebreathing circuits in birds?

Heat

During anesthesia maintenance in birds, they will rapidly lose what, requiring a pad to correct this, and temperature monitoring? You should be careful when using alcohol and plucking feathers in order to avoid worsening this.

Sternal recumbency

What position is best for anesthesia maintenance in birds?

Yes

Can fluid therapy in birds use either SC bolus (up to 50 ml/kg) or IV/IO (5-10 ml/kg/hr)?

Pelicans, Condors

Which two birds have pneumatized ulnas, meaning only the proximal tibia can be used for IO fluid administration?

100

Temperature monitoring during anesthesia maintenance should be done to keep it above 38 celsius, or what in F? Cloacal or esophageal temperatures can be taken.

Yes

Is the correct anesthetic depth reached when the corneal reflex is still present, there is no wing tension, no palpebral reflex, and no reaction to painful stimuli?

30-45

What range in mm Hg should the end tidal CO2 value be kept in during anesthesia monitoring in birds? The RR, HR, pulse oximetry trends, blood glucose, BP, and ECG should also be monitored.

ET tube

What tool should be removed from the bird when its head is up and it is moving its wings? You should keep it warm and hydrated, and give food and analgesia.

Fledgling parrots

In which birds especially are regurgitation and aspiration important complications during anesthesia?

Hypotension

If the bird develops what condition (BP under 90 mmHg) you should reduce the level of anesthesia, administer a fluid bolus IV, and check the temperature?

Yes

Should you reduce or turn off the anesthetic gas if the bird develops hypoventilation or bradycardia?

Apnea

Periods of what breathing pattern should not be allowed, so you should start mechanical ventilation?

30

A window of less than how many seconds is the most that can be tolerated of cardiac arrest in birds? Resuscitation should be done immediately as the high metabolic rate will not allow any longer than this.

Induction, Recovery

What two stages of anesthesia produce the most deaths in birds? This is due to stress in the first case, and hypoglycemia, hypovolemia, hypothermia, and hypotension in the second.

Shock

Weakness, closed eyes, fluffed feathers, respiratory distress, abdominal distention, bleeding, and hypothermia are all signs of what in birds?

First

Stopping active external hemorrhages, placing in a warm, dark incubator, and giving an initial SC crystalloid bolus of 30 ml/kg are the first or second steps of treating shock in birds?

Second

Treating dehydration/hypovolemia, a full exam with imaging, and specific treatments are the first or second steps of treating shock in birds?

Dehydration

Tacky mucous membranes, mucus in oropharynx, sunken eyes, and increased PCV, TP and BUN are all signs of what in birds?

IV, IO

What two fluid routes can be used in critical care and deficit correction?

SC

What fluid route is used for mild dehydration and maintenance? It is given in the inguinal region or the back, should use only isotonic fluids, should not exceed 10 ml/kg/site, and should be given at 50 ml/kg/day divided between three bolus infusions.

Crystalloids

Which type of fluids includes LRS and is used for rehydration and maintenance?

100-102

Fluids must be warmed to roughly what temperature in F in birds before administering?

Yes

Should you maintain fluid therapy in birds until they are fully hydrated and drinking water?

Jugular, ulnar, medial metatarsal

What three veins can be used for IV administration of fluids in birds?

IO

Which fluid route is most recommended for emergency and hospitalization in birds? Local analgesia, aseptic technique, spinal/hypodermic needles, sutures to keep in place, figure eight bandaging, and a syringe pump or regular boluses are also required.

Distal ulna

Which bone is used for IO fluid administration most often, except in Condors and Pelicans?

Tube

What feeding technique is used for nutrition and medication in anorexic birds? They must be warm and hydrated, volume must be gradually increased over several feedings, it should be done after other treatments are done, frequency depends on the bird’s size, and the patient should be weighed daily and also offered normal food.

Pectoral

For IM administration, you should inject in the middle third of which muscle, at an acute angle of less than 30, and aspirate before administering the medicine?