behavioural neuro midterm2

Appetitive Components

Seeking food through detection and approach.

Cost-benefit Analysis

Evaluating energy supply versus survival needs.

Lipids

Primary energy stores in the body.

Glucose

Most utilized energy source, stored in liver/muscles.

Amino Acids

Less utilized for energy, essential for proteins.

Consummatory Components

Behaviors involved in the act of eating.

Phases of Energy Metabolism

Three phases: cephalic, absorptive, fasting.

Insulin

Hormone promoting glucose uptake and storage.

Glucagon

Hormone promoting glucose release during fasting.

Cephalic Phase

Initial phase triggered by food anticipation.

Absorptive Phase

Phase during nutrient absorption after eating.

Fasting Phase

Phase when body uses stored energy.

Set-point Theories

Theories explaining body weight regulation mechanisms.

Glucostatic Theory

Short-term regulation based on blood glucose levels.

Lipostatic Theory

Long-term regulation based on body fat levels.

Negative Feedback System

Mechanism maintaining homeostasis in energy balance.

Premeal Caloric Drinks

High-calorie drinks can reduce subsequent food intake.

Anticipation of Feeding

Blood glucose drops before meals regardless of eating.

Positive Incentive Perspective

Focuses on anticipated pleasure of eating.

Set-point Theories

Suggests body maintains weight around a set point.

Positive-incentive value

Anticipated pleasure from a behavior.

Intrinsic factors

Innate preferences like flavor affecting food choice.

Blood glucose

Glucose levels influencing hunger and satiety.

Associative learning

Learning based on food consequences post-ingestion.

Pre-meal hunger

Conditioned response signaling meal initiation.

Environmental cues

External signals prompting eating behavior.

Physiological cues

Internal signals indicating hunger or satiety.

Glucoprivic hunger

Hunger due to low blood glucose levels.

Lipoprivic hunger

Hunger due to low lipid levels.

Satiety

State signaling cessation of eating.

Satiety signals

Indicators that reduce the desire to eat.

Ghrelin

Hormone stimulating hunger from the stomach.

Peptide YY (PYY)

Hormone released to inhibit stomach emptying.

Leptin

Hormone regulating body fat and appetite.

Neuropeptide Y

Peptide enhancing feeding behavior.

Melanocortins

Peptides inhibiting feeding behavior.

Orexins

Peptides promoting feeding behavior.

Hypothalamic control

Brain regulation of hunger and eating.

VMH syndrome

Overeating due to lesions in VMH.

LH syndrome

Cessation of eating due to LH lesions.

Adipose tissue

Body fat influencing hunger and metabolism.

Diet-induced thermogenesis

Energy expenditure from food consumption.

Settling-Points Theory

Body weight regulation influenced by various factors.

Fasting

Periods without food intake affecting metabolism.

Obesity

Excessive body fat impacting health negatively.

Prader-Willi Syndrome

Genetic disorder causing insatiable hunger.

Leptin deficiency

Inability to regulate hunger due to leptin issues.

Insulin receptor deficiency

Impaired insulin signaling affecting metabolism.

Serotonin

Neurotransmitter inducing satiety and reducing intake.

Cafeteria diet

Varied food options leading to increased consumption.

Sensory-specific satiety

Diminished desire for a food after consumption.

Social influence

Eating behavior affected by group dynamics.

Appetizer effect

Tasty starters increasing overall meal consumption.

Short-term satiety signals

Immediate feedback from the body to stop eating.

Long-term satiety signals

Ongoing signals regulating body weight and fat.

Psychological factors

Mental aspects influencing eating behavior.

MCR4

Gene variant linked to obesity risk.

Lorcaserin

Selective 5-HT receptor agonist for obesity.

Satiety enhancer

Substance that increases feelings of fullness.

Semaglutide

GLP-1 receptor agonist for diabetes and obesity.

POMC neurons

Neurons that inhibit hunger signals.

Contrave

Combination drug: Naltrexone and Bupropion.

Bupropion

NDRI that stimulates POMC neurons.

Naltrexone

Opioid receptor blocker reducing cravings.

Mesolimbic system

Brain region involved in reward and cravings.

Anorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder characterized by food restriction.

Diagnostic Criteria

Guidelines for diagnosing Anorexia Nervosa.

Heritability

Genetic contribution to disorder risk.

Negative body image

Distorted perception of one's body shape.

Cultural pressure

Societal influence promoting thinness ideals.

Serotonin

Neurotransmitter linked to mood and appetite.

Dopamine

Neurotransmitter associated with reward and pleasure.

Norepinephrine

Hormone affecting stress response and appetite.

Opioids

Compounds influencing pain and reward pathways.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Protein supporting neuron growth and survival.

Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)

Neuropeptide that stimulates appetite.

Leptin

Hormone regulating energy balance and hunger.

Ghrelin

Hormone that stimulates appetite.

Conditioned taste aversion

Learned aversion to specific food tastes.

Adaptive behavior

Behavior evolved for survival and adaptation.

Intrinsic feedback loop

Internal mechanism regulating hunger and satiety.

GI upset

Gastrointestinal disturbances caused by medication.

Weight loss programs

Structured plans aimed at reducing body weight.

Severe health problems

Serious medical conditions resulting from malnutrition.

Orthorexia

Obsession with healthy or clean eating habits.

Bulimia Nervosa

Cycle of bingeing followed by purging.

Fasting

Voluntarily abstaining from food intake.

Bingeing

Consuming large quantities of food in one sitting.

Purging

Eliminating food through vomiting or laxatives.

Diagnostic Criteria

Symptoms include obsessive eating habits and anxiety.

Distorted Body Image

Perception of body shape and weight is skewed.

Self-Evaluation

Assessment of self-worth based on body image.

CBT

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for treatment.

SSRIs

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors used as antidepressants.

Hypokalaemia

Electrolyte imbalance often seen in bulimia.

Acid Reflux

Condition caused by stomach acid affecting the esophagus.

Malnutrition

Nutritional deficiency resulting from inadequate food intake.

Social Isolation

Withdrawal from social interactions due to eating habits.

Prozac

Fluoxetine, a serotonergic drug for treatment.

Normal Body Weight

Individuals may maintain weight despite eating disorders.