[OPEN CLOZE] Test 10-12 16072026

continuous variation (noun phrase) /kənˈtɪnjuəs ˌveriˈeɪʃn/

sự biến đổi liên tục [gradual differences without clear breaks] Biological traits often show ~ rather than sharp divisions.

discrete categories (noun phrase) /dɪˈskriːt ˈkætəɡɔːriz/

những phạm trù tách biệt [clearly separate and distinct groups] Some languages divide colors into ~.

blend into one another (verb phrase) /blend ˈɪntu wʌn əˈnʌðər/

chuyển dần, hoà vào nhau [gradually merge without a clear boundary] The colors ~ seamlessly.

arbitrary (adjective) /ˈɑːrbɪtreri/

mang tính tùy ý [based on choice or convention rather than an inevitable reason] The boundary was ~ and not based on natural divisions.

recurring features (noun phrase) /rɪˈkɜːrɪŋ ˈfiːtʃərz/

những đặc điểm lặp lại [characteristics that repeatedly appear] ~ across cultures suggest universal human experiences.

conventionally encode (verb phrase) /kənˈvenʃənəli enˈkoʊd/

mã hóa theo quy ước [represent information according to established linguistic customs] Languages ~ meaning differently.

linguistic categories (noun phrase) /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk ˈkætəɡɔːriz/

các phạm trù ngôn ngữ [groups of concepts distinguished through language] ~ shape how we perceive the world.

permanent alteration (noun phrase) /ˈpɜːrmənənt ˌɔːltəˈreɪʃn/

sự thay đổi vĩnh viễn [a change that continues indefinitely] The process caused ~ in the structure.

verbal categorisation (noun phrase) /ˈvɜːrbl ˌkætəɡəraɪˈzeɪʃn/

sự phân loại bằng ngôn từ [the classification of things through words and language] ~ influences thought and perception.

cross-linguistic research (noun phrase) /krɔːs lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk rɪˈsɜːrtʃ/

nghiên cứu liên ngôn ngữ [research comparing different languages] ~ reveals both universal and culture-specific patterns.

internally uniform (adjective phrase) /ɪnˈtɜːrnəli ˈjuːnɪfɔːrm/

đồng nhất về mặt nội tại [having no significant variation within itself] The group appeared ~.

unjustifiably broad (adjective phrase) /ʌnˌdʒʌstɪˈfaɪəbli brɔːd/

quá rộng một cách thiếu căn cứ [excessively general without sufficient evidence] The claim was ~ and lacked supporting data.

pre-existing reality (noun phrase) /ˌpriːɪɡˈzɪstɪŋ riˈæləti/

hiện thực tồn tại sẵn [a reality that already exists independently] The theory assumes a ~ independent of observation.

culturally inherited (adjective phrase) /ˈkʌltʃərəli ɪnˈherɪtɪd/

được kế thừa về mặt văn hóa [passed down through a culture over generations] Many concepts are ~ rather than universal.

inconceivable (adjective) /ˌɪnkənˈsiːvəbl/

không thể hình dung nổi [impossible or extremely difficult to imagine] The scale of the universe is ~ to most people.

apparent brightness (noun phrase) /əˈpærənt ˈbraɪtnəs/

độ sáng biểu kiến [how bright an astronomical object appears from Earth] ~ depends on both distance and actual luminosity.

expected luminosity (noun phrase) /ɪkˈspektɪd ˌluːmɪˈnɑːsəti/

độ sáng thực được dự đoán [the predicted amount of light an object actually emits] Scientists calculate ~ based on models.

steadily expanding (adjective phrase) /ˈstedəli ɪkˈspændɪŋ/

giãn nở đều đặn [increasing in size at a constant or regular rate] The universe is ~ according to current theories.

undergo acceleration (verb phrase) /ˌʌndərˈɡoʊ ˌæksəˈleɪʃn/

trải qua sự tăng tốc [experience an increase in speed] The expansion of the universe continues to ~.

dark energy (noun phrase) /dɑːrk ˈenərdʒi/

năng lượng tối [the hypothetical influence causing cosmic expansion to accelerate] ~ remains one of the greatest mysteries in cosmology.

fundamental revision (noun phrase) /ˌfʌndəˈmentl rɪˈvɪʒn/

sự sửa đổi căn bản [a major change to the basic principles of a theory] The new data required a ~ of existing models.

gravitational theory (noun phrase) /ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənl ˈθiːəri/

lý thuyết hấp dẫn [a scientific explanation of how gravity operates] Einstein’s ~ transformed our understanding of space and time.

large-scale structure (noun phrase) /lɑːrdʒ skeɪl ˈstrʌktʃər/

cấu trúc quy mô lớn [the organisation of matter across enormous cosmic distances] ~ of the universe shows patterns of galaxies and voids.

cosmological models (noun phrase) /ˌkɑːzməˈlɑːdʒɪkl ˈmɑːdlz/

các mô hình vũ trụ học [theoretical representations of the universe and its development] Modern ~ incorporate dark energy and dark matter.

local irregularities (noun phrase) /ˈloʊkl ˌɪreɡjəˈlerətiz/

những điểm bất thường cục bộ [variations occurring in particular limited regions] ~ exist despite the overall uniformity of the universe.

small-scale deviations (noun phrase) /smɔːl skeɪl ˌdiːviˈeɪʃənz/

những sai lệch ở quy mô nhỏ [minor departures from a general pattern] ~ from the predicted pattern were observed.

difficult to reconcile (adjective phrase) /ˈdɪfɪkəlt tuː ˈrekənsaɪl/

khó dung hoà [difficult to make consistent with one another] The two sets of data are ~.

undetected measurement errors (noun phrase) /ˌʌndɪˈtektɪd ˈmeʒərmənt ˈerərz/

những sai số đo lường chưa được phát hiện [inaccuracies in measurement that have not yet been discovered] ~ may explain some discrepancies.

inadequacy of existing models (noun phrase) /ɪnˈædɪkwəsi əv ɪɡˈzɪstɪŋ ˈmɑːdlz/

sự thiếu thốn của các mô hình hiện có [the failure of current models to explain the evidence sufficiently] The ~ prompted new theoretical work.

ultimate fate (noun phrase) /ˈʌltɪmət feɪt/

số phận cuối cùng [the final condition or outcome] Scientists debate the ~ of the universe.

inferential (adjective) /ˌɪnfəˈrenʃl/

mang tính suy luận [based on conclusions drawn from evidence rather than direct observation] Much of our knowledge about distant galaxies is ~.

attach considerable weight to (verb phrase) /əˈtætʃ kənˈsɪdərəbl weɪt tuː/

coi trọng đáng kể [regard something as highly important or persuasive] Courts often ~ eyewitness testimony.

eyewitness testimony (noun phrase) /ˈaɪwɪtnəs ˈtestɪmoʊni/

lời khai của nhân chứng tận mắt [an account given by someone who personally witnessed an event] ~ can be surprisingly unreliable.

a dependable measure (noun phrase) /ə dɪˈpendəbl ˈmeʒər/

thước đo đáng tin cậy của [a reliable way of evaluating something] Reaction time is ~ of alertness.

literal recording (noun phrase) /ˈlɪtərəl rɪˈkɔːrdɪŋ/

bản ghi nguyên vẹn, chính xác [an exact and unchanged representation of an experience] Memory is not a ~ of events.

reconstructive process (noun phrase) /ˌriːkənˈstrʌktɪv ˈprɑːses/

quá trình tái kiến tạo [a process in which memories are rebuilt from separate fragments] Memory is a ~ rather than pure recall.

fragments of experience (noun phrase) /ˈfræɡmənts əv ɪkˈspɪriəns/

những mảnh trải nghiệm [incomplete pieces of remembered events] We store ~ and later reconstruct them.

become incorporated into (verb phrase) /bɪˈkʌm ɪnˈkɔːrpəreɪtɪd ˈɪntu/

được đưa vào, trở thành một phần của [become included as part of something] Later information can ~ existing memories.

leading question (noun phrase) /ˈliːdɪŋ ˈkwestʃən/

câu hỏi dẫn dắt [a question phrased to encourage a particular answer] ~ can distort eyewitness accounts.

create the impression (verb phrase) /kriˈeɪt ði ɪmˈpreʃn/

tạo ra ấn tượng [cause someone to believe or feel that something is true] The phrasing was designed to ~ of accuracy.

memory contamination (noun phrase) /ˈmeməri ˌkɑːntæmɪˈneɪʃn/

sự nhiễu loạn ký ức [the alteration of memory by later or misleading information] ~ is a common problem in legal cases.

minor variations (noun phrase) /ˈmaɪnər ˌveriˈeɪʃənz/

những khác biệt nhỏ [small differences in details] ~ between accounts may indicate memory errors.

indicate rehearsal (verb phrase) /ˈɪndɪkeɪt rɪˈhɜːrsl/

cho thấy sự tập dượt trước [suggest that an account has been practised in advance] Consistent wording may ~.

identification procedures (noun phrase) /aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃn prəˈsiːdʒərz/

thủ tục nhận dạng [formal methods used to determine the identity of a suspect] Proper ~ reduce the risk of error.

consciously or unconsciously (adverb phrase) /ˈkɑːnʃəsli ɔːr ʌnˈkɑːnʃəsli/

một cách có ý thức hoặc vô thức [deliberately or without being aware of doing so] Witnesses may ~ alter their memories.

eyewitness identification (noun phrase) /ˈaɪwɪtnəs aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/

việc nhận dạng của nhân chứng tận mắt [the identification of a person by someone who witnessed the event] ~ is prone to error.

independent corroboration (noun phrase) /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt kəˌrɑːbəˈreɪʃn/

sự chứng thực độc lập [separate evidence confirming that a statement is true] We need ~ of the witness’s account.

viewing conditions (noun phrase) /ˈvjuːɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz/

điều kiện quan sát [the circumstances affecting how clearly something could be seen] Poor ~ reduce the reliability of testimony.

universal (adjective) /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsl/

phổ quát [existing or true everywhere] Some cognitive processes appear to be ~ across cultures.

subtle (adjective) /ˈsʌtl/

tinh tế, khó nhận thấy [delicate or precise but not obvious] ~ differences in language can affect perception.

unobservable (adjective) /ˌʌnəbˈzɜːrvəbl/

không thể quan sát được [impossible to observe directly] Many cosmic phenomena are ~ with current technology.

uniformly (adverb) /ˈjuːnɪfɔːrmli/

một cách đồng đều [in a way that is the same everywhere] The universe does not expand ~ in all directions.

inadequacy (noun, countable & uncountable) /ɪnˈædɪkwəsi/

sự thiếu thốn, sự không đủ [the state of being insufficient or not good enough] The ~ of current models led to new theories.