A&P Practice Exam 1

A solution with pH 4 has ______ the H⁺ concentration of a solution with pH 8.

10,000 times

Secere anemia may trigger an adaptive conversion of:

yellow marrow to red marrow.

When you exercise you generate excess heat and your body temperature rises. Blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and you lose heat. This exemplifies

negative feedback.

To determine that a type of epithelium is squamous, which of the following is most important?

the shape of the most superficial epithelial cells

One type of experimental contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances might be the type of chemical involved?

lipid-soluble substances

The type of connective tissue that contains chondrocytes, a rigid matrix of collagen fibers and proteoglycan-hyaluronic acid aggregates and few, if any, blood vessels is

cartilage.

Epithelium that is primarily secretory in function would most likely be

simple cuboidal.

Blood vessel dilation in the dermis results in _________ heat loss from the skin, and blood vessel constriction results in _______ heat loss from the skin.

increased, decreased

Calcitonin _________ osteoclast activity and _______ excretion of calcium from the kidney.

inhibits, increases

You are looking at a cell with the electron microscope and you notice the following characteristics: presence of many mitochondria and lysosomes; few, if any, Golgi apparatus; and many ribosomes. Which of the following is the most likely function of that cell?

intracellular digestion

Which of the following is NOT true of a gene?

Each chromosome contains one gene.

Blood has a pH ranging from 7.35 to 7.45. Slight deviations from this can cause major problems, even death. You are doing an intense workout, and your skeletal muscle cells are producing metabolic acids such as lactic acid. Your blood pH does not drop significantly in spite of the metabolic acids released into the blood. You maintain a constant blood pH because

the body contains chemicals called buffers that resist changes in pH.

Consider a mixture of blood, which contains sodium chloride, protein, and cells or formed elements. The sodium chloride is in a(n) ____________, the protein is in a(n) __________, and the cells are in a ____________.

solution; colloid; suspension

Which of the following is a CORRECT statement regarding the biological properties of water?

All are correct.

Which is a change in bone architecture or mass related to aging?

All are correct.

What gives bone its compressional strength?

Inorganic salts

Which of the following statements concerning membrane transport across the plasma membrane is true?

Lipid-soluble substances pass through the membrane by dissolving in the lipid bilayer.

Negative feedback loops are

homeostatic.

Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol:

stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood.

A young boy (10 years old) exhibited the following symptoms: advanced development of secondary sexual characteristics and rapid growth. Which of the following caused his condition?

hypersecretion of testosterone

If a bone is immersed in a weak acid such as vinegar for several days, its inorganic components will dissolve. What will be the result of such an experiment?

The bone will become soft and bendable.

Which is the following is most likely to cause disease?

positive feedback

Which of the following statements is true?

Collagen fibers provide strength to dense connective tissue.

Which of the following types of connective tissue is mismatched with its matrix?

cartilage - highly vascular matrix

Which of these is hydrophobic?

fat

Mechanical stress of bones, such as that caused by weight lifting, is detected by:

osteocytes, which then communicate to osteoblasts to increase synthesis of osteoid.

Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?

reticular layer of dermis

What explains the dramatic acceleration in lengthwise bone growth at puberty?

Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth.

Which of these is the most appropriate to express number of molecules per volume?

molarity

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. This means

only certain substances can pass through it.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of age-related changes at the tissue level?

injuries heal rapidly and more completely in older people

With aging, individuals tend to feel colder and usually need the thermostat in their home set higher in the winter to feel warm enough. This is probably because the elderly

experience a decrease in the thickness of their subcutaneous fat layer.

All of the following statements concerning hair are true except one. Identify the exception.

The growth rate of all types of hair is the same.

When you dive into a cold swimming pool, explain what happens in order to maintain homeostasis.

The blood flow from the deeper tissues through the dermis decreases, causing a decreased loss of body heat through the skin.

A solution that resists a change in pH when acid or base is added to it is

a buffer.

A DNA base sequence is A T G C C G. The sequence of bases in a strand of mRNA transcribed from this sequence of bases in DNA would be

U A C G G C.

Which of the following statements is true?

At puberty, much of the vellus hair is replaced with terminal hair.

Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched with its function?

carrier proteins – move bound ions or molecules from one side of the membrane to the other

Due to the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the dermal blood vessels,

body heat is conserved.

Which is not involved in the process of bone repair following a fracture?

No exceptions; all of the choices are involved in the process of bone repair.

In which of the following does desquamation of the stratum corneum occur?

a 5-minute surgical scrub

An infant born with a genetic defect that causes little or no brown fat to be formed will have

difficulty regulating his body temperature.

If you compare a cell with a manufacturing plant that exports goods, the cell's _____ could be compared to the manufacturing plant's shipping department.

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following is correctly matched?

axons - conduct action potentials away from the cell body

We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called

homeostasis.

Epithelial tissue that can stretch or is subjected to stress would have many

desmosomes.

Hyaluronic acid gives a very slippery quality to fluids that contain it. Hyaluronic acid

is a good lubricant for joint cavities.

Which type of epithelium has the following characteristics: multiple layers, squamous cell shape, dead outer layers of cells, and keratin present in some cells?

stratified keratinized squamous epithelium

The break of a bone that has been weakened by disease is a ________fracture; when a broken end of the bone pierces the skin, the fracture is ________.

pathologic, compound.

Which of the following occur as a result of inhibiting the release of chemical mediators of inflammation shortly after injury in a tissue?
(1) stimulation of pain receptors
(2) reduced stimulation of pain receptors
(3) increased permeability of blood vessels
(4) reduced permeability of blood vessels
(5) edema
(6) reduced redness

2, 4, 6

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

endoderm - bone

Which of the following statements concerning the process of tissue repair is false?

Labile cells cannot be replaced by the process of regeneration.

When table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), is placed in water

Ionic bonds between Na⁺ and Cl^- are broken.

Calcidiol circulates in the blood and is converted to calcitriol in the:

kidney.

Which is not true about periosteum?

It is composed of dense regular connective tissue.

If a 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a solution of 3.5% NaCl would be

hypertonic to the cell.

If the amino acid coding region of a mRNA molecule is 1800 nucleotides (bases) in length, this molecule will contain _____ codons.

600

The anticodon sequence GUA pairs with which of the following codons?

CAU

If one of the functions of the capillaries is to supply body cells with oxygen and nutrients, you would expect the capillary walls to consist of

simple squamous epithelium.

Which of the following are consistent with facilitated diffusion?
(1) movement is against a concentration gradient
(2) movement is with a concentration gradient
(3) involves a carrier molecule
(4) involves cotransport
(5) involves counter transport
(6) exhibits competition and saturation

2, 3, 6

During appositional growth of cartilage, the cells that produce the matrix are the:

chondroblasts.

All cells attached to the basement membrane but not all cells reach free surfaces is a description of

pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Which of the following statements is false?

Columnar epithelial cells promote diffusion.

Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?

The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis.

Which of the following represents the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial?

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

Which of the following statements concerning the hypodermis is false?

Hypodermis is composed of dense connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers.

Which hormone inhibits rather than stimulates bone growth?

Parathyroid hormone

To trigger bone growth, growth hormone stimulates the:

liver to produce somatomedin.

The epidermis consists of ______________ epithelium.

stratified squamous

Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?

protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach

Oxygen has an atomic number of eight. When two oxygen atoms come together, they form a(n) __________ bond.

nonpolar covalent

Which of the following is found in spongy bone but not compact bone?

trabeculae

When a person trains for running long distances, which of the following organelles increase in his/her muscles?

mitochondria

Which of the following cell organelles is CORRECTLY matched with its function?

microtubules - cell support

Which of the following is NOT consistent with active transport?

movement is with a concentration gradient

If a toxic drug inhibited mRNA synthesis, which of the following would be most directly affected?

protein synthesis

Which of the following statements regarding melanin is true?

During pregnancy melanin production is increased.

Which of the following statements is false?

Sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands.

Salt was added to a beaker of distilled water (the water was not stirred). A sample taken from the bottom of the beaker was found to be 20% salt. At the same time, a sample taken from the top of the beaker was found to be 2% salt. After 24 hours

the percentage of salt in top and bottom samples would be approximately equal.

Choose the correct statement regarding mixtures and compounds.

All are correct.

Which of the following is NOT a type of cancer therapy?

use of drugs to increase the blood supply to the tumor

Which of the following statements is true?

Undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epithelium.

A group of cells was treated with a proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzyme. Which of the following processes would be least affected by this treatment?

diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules through the plasma membrane

Which is not correct about spongy bone?

It is composed of tubular units called osteons.

What type of bond attracts one water molecule to another?

a hydrogen bond

Which of the following characteristics is NOT consistent with simple squamous epithelial tissue?

has good blood supply within it

The ____________ is defined as a healthy male 22 years old, weighing 70 kg (154 lb), under no environmental stress, and consuming 2,800 calories (cal) per day; whereas the ________ is the same except for a weight of 58 kg (128 lb) and an intake of 2,000 cal/day.

reference man, reference woman

A boy grew rapidly and reached a height of 6'2" by the time he was 13. He had normal body proportions and sexual development was only slightly retarded. Which of the following caused his condition?

hypersecretion of growth hormone

Which of the following is NOT associated with interphase?

The cell does nothing but rest.

When you jump off a high diving board into water, you notice great resistance of water. This resistance is called __________ and is caused by water's great ______.

surface tension; cohesiveness

Parathyroid hormone release is triggered by _______ levels of calcium in the blood.

low

Solution A contains 5 grams of sugar per liter while solution B contains 2 grams of sugar per liter. The solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If the solvent in both solutions is water, predict in which direction most of the water molecules will move.

move by osmosis from solution B to solution A

Which is not true about bone remodeling?

It occurs only at articular surfaces.

All of the following are organs except

digestive system.

Which of the following is NOT a function of connective tissue?

contraction

Cyanide stops the production of ATP. Which of the following processes would be affected?

active transport

The greater the concentration of a solution, the greater the

osmotic pressure of the solution.

Arrange the following events of exocytosis in the correct sequence:
(1) vesicle membrane fuses with plasma membrane
(2) secretory vesicles migrate to plasma membrane
(3) vesicle contents are expelled from cell
(4) secretions accumulate within secretory vesicles

4, 2, 1, 3

A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will

become pale.

The bonding properties of an atom are determined by its

electrons.