Honors Bio II Unit 1

Organic

Has to have carbon

Marcomolecule

Polymers made of smaller subunits called monomers. Is the carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

Carbohydrates

CHO, monosaccharide, polysaccharide, store/release quick energy, ex. Starch

What is the enzyme of carb

amylase

Lipid

CHO, monomer is fatty acid, polymer is triglyceride, gives cell structure and long term energy

Enzyme of Lipid

lipase

Protein

CHONS, Monomer is amino acid, polymer is polypeptide chains, build muscle/repair immune system

Enzyme of protein

protease

Nucleic acid

CHONP, monomer is nucleotide, polymer is DNA/RNA, stores genetic code

enzyme of nucleic acid

Nuclease

Reactant

A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.

Metabolism

Set of life-sustaining chemical reactions that occur within living organisms to convert food into energy

Anabolic

Small molecules assembled into large ones, energy required

Catabolic

Large molecules broken down into small ones, energy released

Dehydration synthesis

Water is removed, condensation reaction, monomers link to form polymer

Hydrolysis

Polymer split to form two monomers when water is added

Endothermic

Heat enters, follows anabolism and dehydration synthesis

Exothermic

Releases energy, breaks polymer to monomer, follows w/ catabolic and hydrolysis

Enzyme

Speed up reactions (catalys), causes chem reactions, need to have right shape

Catalyst

Speeds up reactions

Denatured

When an enzyme loses shape if extreme temp or PH is reached, no longer functions

Glycolysis

Occurs in cytoplasm of cell, starts with one glucose molecule, makes 2 ATP, makes 2 NADH helper molecules, breaks bonds in glucose/uses that energy to make the ATP and NADH

Chlorophyll

Green pigment found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria that plays a crucial role in photosynthesis. It absorbs light energy from the sun

Stomata

Tiny pores that open/close to exchange gases

Cellular respiration

Energy creating and release process, 3 steps: glycolysis, krebs cycle, and ETC

Where does Krebs cycle take place

Mitochondria

Cellular respiration in plants

Glucose produced during photosynthesis is broken down to release energy

Cellular respiration in animals

glucose is broken down during digestion so energy is released

Cellular respiration equation

C6 H12 C6 + 6O2 = 6H20 + 6CO2 + ATP

Cellular respiration equation word form

Glucose + oxygen = water + carbon + ATP

Aerobic respiration

Oxygen is present, 2 steps (Kreb + ETC), transfers chem energy to useable energy

Kreb Cycle

each pyruvate (2) and oxygen go through cycle and produce NADH and 2 ATP molecules

ETC

aerobic respiration, occurs in inner membrane, starts w/ NADH/FADH2/Oxygen, produces water and 32 ATPs, electrons from food carried here

Anaerobic fermentation

no oxygen, fermentation instead, no additional ATP created after glycolysis, occurs after glycolysis only if no oxygen is present, 2 fermentation: alcohol/lactic acid

Alcoholic fermentation

occurs in plants, starts w/ 2 pyruvates and NADH, produce ethyl, carbon dioxide, and alcohol

Lactic acid fermentation

In animals, starts w/ 2 pyruvates and NADH, produces lactic acid that builds up in muscles and burns

Law of conservation of energy

light energy is converted into chem energy, stores in bonds of glucose

Photosynthesis

makes glucose (food) out of carbon dioxide and water, starts all food webs, makes oxygen for animals, utilizes sun energy to make glucose, animals can’t live without it

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O (sun energy =) C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

Photosynthesis equation words

carbon dioxide + water sun= glucose + oxygen

5 elements that make up biological matter

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate

What do all enzymes end in and what do they do?

ase, break down molecules and speed up reactions

Does converting ATP to ADP require or release water?

Requires water

Does converting ATP to ADP require or release energy?

Releases energy

Mass/matter law photosynthesis

Total # of atoms of each element in the reactants as equal to the total number of atoms of each element in products

Mass/matter law cellular respiration

Total # of atoms in each element in reactant same as total in product

Energy in photosynthesis

Light energy from sun captured by chlorophyll and transformed into chem energy that plants use

Energy in cellular respiration

Chem energy in glucose and O2 bonds is released/transformed into ATP that power cellular respiration

3 organisms that produce ATP

Humans, plants, animals

Amount of ATP produces in aerobic respiration

30-32

Amount of ATP produces in anaerobic respiration

2

Disadvantage of anaerobic respiration

Less ATP produces

2 types of anaeorbic respiration

alcohol and lactic acid fermentaiton

Athletic activity utilizing aerobic respiration

Running

Athletic activity utilizing anaerobic respiration

Weight lifting

How to know if somethin is polar or non polar

FON = Polar

Two ways enzymes could denature a protein

Too high/low of temp, PH too high