AP - exam 3 (respiratory)

CO2

what is a waste product of cellular respiration?

O2

what is supplied to the body during cellular respiration?

CO2

what is a waste product of cellular respiration?

O2

what is supplied to the body during cellular respiration?

paranasal sinuses

what has the following functions?

- lighten skull

- secrete mucus

- warm + moisten air

rhinitis

______ is the inflammation of nasal mucosa

pharynx

________ is made of skeletal muscle and connects the nasal cavity + mouth to the larynx + esophagus

laryngopharynx

what region of the pharynx is the passageway for food + air and is lined with stratified squamous epithelium?

larynx

_____ involves:

- air passage

- channels air + food into proper ways

- voice production -> houses vocal folds (glottis)

trachea

what is known as the windpipe, which is lined with mucosa-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells?

carina

what is the point where the trachea branches into two main bronchi?

right

which bronchi is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the other?

foreign bodies

what moves more easily toward the right bronchus?

0.5 mm

the diameter of terminal bronchioles is less than ________

1 mm

the diameter at the start of bronchioles is less than ______

respiratory bronchioles

where does the respiratory zone begin?

300 million

how many alveoli make up most of lung volume?

alveoli

what is the site of gas exchange?

respiratory membrane

_______ is made of alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membrane

simple diffusion

how goes gas exchange occur across the respiratory membrane?

type I alveolar cells

what type of alveolar cell found in alveolar walls is found in the single layer of squamous epithelium?

type II alveolar cells

what type of alveolar cell found in alveolar walls are scattered and cuboidal and secretes surfactants and antimicrobial properties?

alveolar macrophages

what keeps alveolar surfaces sterile in the alveolar walls?

left

which lung is smaller?

1. left

2. right

cardiac notch

the left lung contains the _______, which is the concavity for the heart

oblique fissure

the left lung is separated into superior + inferior lobes by the ________

oblique and horizontal fissure

the right lung is separated into superior, middle, inferior lobes by the __________

bronchopulmonary segments

if taken by disease, ________, which are separated by connective tissue septa, can be individually removed

(hint: 10 right, 8-10 left)

thin double-layered serosa

what divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments + mediastinum?

parietal pleura

what lines the thoracic wall, is on the superior face of diaphragm, around the heart, and between lungs?

visceral pleura

what covers the external lung surface?

pleural fluid

what fills the pleural cavity and provides. . .?

- lubrication + surface tension

- assists in expansion + recoil

atmospheric pressure (Patm)

pressure in thoracic cavity always tries to equal to ________

intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)

__________ is the pressure in alveoli, which fluctuates with breathing

intrapleural pressure (Pip)

______ is the pressure within the pleural cavity, which fluctuates with breathing

negative

intrapleural pressure (Pip) always has a ________ pressure

(hint:

positive

a _________ intrapleural pressure due to fluid accumulation can result in lung collapse

enlarges lungs

negative intrapleural pressure is caused by opposing forces, where the outward force tends to ________

elastic recoil

negative intrapleural pressure is caused by opposing forces, where the _______ (an inward force) collapses lungs by decreasing lung size

surface tension

negative intrapleural pressure is caused by opposing forces, where the inward force of _______ of alveolar fluid reduces alveolar size

transpulmonary pressure

what is the difference between intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) and intrapleural pressure (Pip), which is the resulting pressure that will keep the airways open, referred to as?

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

what condition involves a group of lung diseases that cause airflow obstruction, where an individual uses respiratory accessory muscles to increase thoracic cage size?

(hint: patients more prone to increase of Pip)

atelectasis

___________ is lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles and collapse of alveoli

pneumothroax

what condition involves air in the pleural cavity, either from wound in parietal or rupture of visceral pleura?

chest tubes

pneumothorax is treated by removing air with ___________, where then the pleurae heal and the lung reinflates

inspiration

_________ is an active process defined as when gases flow into lungs

expiration

____________ is defined as when gases exit lungs

increases

regarding pulmonary ventilation, when volume __________, pressure decreases

decreases

regarding pulmonary ventilation, when volume __________, pressure increases

diaphragm and external intercostals

during inspiration, the inspiratory muscles such as the __________ contract, leading to an increase in thoracic volume

passive

quiet expiration is normally a _________ process, where inspiratory muscles relax and thoracic cavity volume decreases

active

forced expiration is an __________ process, and uses abdominal (oblique and transverse) and internal intercostal muscles

lung compliance

what is the capacity to change volume in lungs as pressure changes known as?

easier

a higher lung compliance means that lungs are _______ to expand and recoil

infant respiratory distress syndrome

insufficient quantity of surfactant in premature infants can cause ____________, where alveoli collapse after each breath

tidal volume

______ is the amount of air inhaled/exhaled with each breather under resting conditions

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

__________ is the amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal TV inspiration

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

_________ is the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal TV expiration

residual volume (RV)

________ is the amount of air in lungs after forced expiration

total lung capacity (TLC)

_______ is the maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort

vital capacity (VC)

________ is the maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort

inspiratory capacity (IC)

_______ is the maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal TV expiration

functional residual capacity (FRC)

________ is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal TV expiration

forced expiratory volume (FEV) test

what is the most important pulmonary test in spirometry and done several times?

restrictive disease

what type of condition involves a destruction/less functional lung tissue?

(examples: tuberculosis, fibrosis, cystic)

perfusion

______ is the blood flow reaching alveoli

diameter

regarding perfusion, changes in PO2 in alveoli cause changes in ________ of arterioles

dilate

regarding perfusion, when alveolar O2 is high, arterioles __________

constrict

regarding perfusion, when alveolar O2 is low, arterioles __________

ventilation

_______ is defined as the amount of gas reaching alveoli (air flow)

plasma

regarding transport of respiratory gases by blood, 1.5% of O2 is dissolved in _________

hemoglobin (Hb)

regarding transport of respiratory gases by blood, 98.5% of O2 is loosely bound to each Fe in _________

fully saturated

when all 4 heme groups carry O2 in Hb molecule at 100%, it is _________

partially saturated

when 1-3 heme groups carry O2 in Hb molecules, it is __________

2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid (BPG)

one of the factors regulating release of O2 by Hb is the concentration of __________, which is produced by RBC during glycolysis

- levels rise when O2 levels are chronically low

hypozia

what is the inadequate O2 delivery to tissues referred to as?

anemic hypoxia

what type of hypoxia involves too few RBCs and abnormal/too little Hb?

ischemic hypoxia

what type of hypoxia involves impaired/blocked circulation?

histotoxic hypoxia

what type of hypoxia involves cells unable to use O2, as in metabolic poisons?

hypoxemic hypoxia

what type of hypoxia involves abnormal ventilation, such as pulmonary disease?

carbon monoxide poisoning

what type of hypoxia involves CO having 200x greater affinity for Hb than oxygen, especially resulting from fire?

7-10%

what percentage of CO2 is dissolved in plasma?

20%

what percentage of CO2 is bound to globin of hemoglobin to make carbaminohemoglobin?

70%

what percentage of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma?

carbonic acid

CO2 combines with water to form ___________, which quickly dissociates; this occurs primarily in RBCs, where carbonic anhydrase reversibly + rapidly catalyzes the reaction

more solube

CO2 is 20 times ____________ in plasma than oxygen

haldane effect

________ states that if more O2 enters the blood in the lungs, more CO2 is removed from blood

bohr effect

________ states that if PCO2 and H+ increase in capillary blood, then the Hb-O2 bond weakens and more oxygen is released

slow, shallow breathing

what type of breathing rate would increase CO2 in blood (respiratory acidosis), leading to a drop in pH because the reaction in the image goes to the right and more H+ form?

rapid, deep breathing

what type of breathing rate would decrease CO2 in blood (respiratory alkalosis), leading to a rise in pH because the reaction in the image goes to the left and more CO2 forms using the H+?

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

what is the rhythm-generating center in the medulla, which sets eupnea at 12-15 bpm?

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

what center in the medulla has inspiratory and expiratory centers that function only when breathing demands increase + accessory muscles become involved?

(aka forced respiration)

apneustic center

what type of pontine respiratory center in the medulla promotes inhalation?

pneumotaxic center

what type of pontine respiratory center in the medulla inhibits the apneustic center + promotes active/passive exhalation?

hyperventilation

what is the increase of depth and rate of breathing that exceeds body's need to remove CO2 referred to as?

hypoventilation

_______ involves the increase of blood CO2 concentration and decrease of pH, producing respiratory acidosis

inflation relfex

_________ involves the stretch receptors in pleurae and airways stimulated by lung inflation

hypothalamic controls

_________, for example, involves breath holding that occurs in anger or gasping with pain

cortical controls

__________, for example, involves voluntary breath holding

brain stem

what reinstates breathing when blood CO2 is too high after voluntary breath holding?

emphysema

_______ involves. . .

- permanent enlargement of alveoli

- destruction of alveolar walls

- decreased lung elasticity

- results from smoking, COPD, a-1 antitrypsin deficiency

tuberculosis

what infectious disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with symptoms of fever, night sweats, weight loss, racking cough, coughing of blood?