Soc 120 Midterm UW Madison Elwert Exam #1

What are the definitions of the family?

Public and Private family (change in perspective of how you view the family)

What are the five criteria of the private family?

*2+ individuals

*intimate relationship

*last indefinitely

+live in same household

*pool resources for income and labor

What are the three criteria of the Public family?

*1+ adult

*taking care of dependents (children, elderly, chronically ill, disabled)

*care function

Externalities

costs and benefits accrued to people not directly involved in the transaction

Give examples of negative and positive externalities

*Negative: air pollution imposed on residents due to factories

*Positive: "herd immunity" for everybody if enough people get vaccinated

Public good

Products that can be enjoyed by everybody without having to pay for their production. These are positive externalities.

Which public goods does the public family produce?

*children: Family educates children to produce a workforce. Also educated children have better likely good of making more money so they are more likely to pay social security and medicare taxes

*Elder care: family provides care, so the public does not have to

What are negative externalities of the family?

Marriage contributes to social inequality due to homogamy

What is the difference between homogamy and heterogamy?

homogamy is "like marries like" and heterogamy is "marriage of opposites"

which 3 categories fit into blurred boundaries definition?

Families of choice, fictive kin, and living apart together

What are families of choice (provide an example)?

formed through voluntary ties among non-co residential individuals who are not biologically or legally related. Examples: upper middle class gay couples

What are characteristics of kinship?

Determines whom we have to assist and who will come to our aid, and reveals who people consider relatives

What is lineage and what are the three categories of lineage?

Its a group of people tied by descent and coincides with inheritance. It includes patrilineal, matrilineal, and bilineal

What is locality and what are the three categories of locality?

Where a couple settles after marriage

*patrilocality: with husband's family of origin

*matrilocality: with wife's family of origin

*Neolocality: family sets up new home not with mother or fathers family of origin

what is the difference between conjugal and extended household?

Conjugal household includes wife, husband, and children, but extended includes others such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc.

What is the difference between polygamy and polyandry?

Polygamy is having multiple wives and polyandry is having multiple husbands

Who were the Na?

A chinese minority people who were matrilocal, and had multiple secret sexual partners, but no lifelong partnership. They believed intercourse was like watering the field, it didnt matter who planted the seed, either way the plant will grow. Maternal uncles were father figures.

What are the two main lessons from the Na?

1. There are endless variations of possible family structures

2. Social consequences of family structure depend on how the system of kinship is designed.

How has loves role in the family change?

Affectionate relationship between mother and children documented throughout history, but childhood generally ended at age 5. Marriage was done for economic purposes, not love until 18th-20th century

What are the 4 stable features in European family?

1. Relatively small families, primacy of nuclear family

2. Predominately monogamous

3. Bilateral kinship and inheritance

*Dowry remains brides personal property. If husband died, she would keep dowry to sustain herself

4. Possibly late marriage (>26m and >23f)

What are the main christian innovations? (6)

1. Inventing new kinship (godkin)

*to keep ppl part of the church

2. Elevates chastity, devalues marriage

3. Discourages divorce

4. Prohibits adoption

*adopted children=children of purgery

5. Prohibits remarriage

6. Prohibits marriage to blood related kin

*if marriage isn't legitimate, kids are considered bastards and inheritance would go to the church

What are the main consequences of the christian innovations?

1. Innovations hamper production of legitimate heirs

2. Massive diversion of familial wealth to church

3. Rise of monasteries results in low marriage rates and decline of urban centers

What are consequences for women from the christian innovations?

Women receive greater liberty because if they join the church they would be freed from patrilineage

What are the 4 main revolutions in this course and which time periods?

*Christian revolution 1500-1700

*American Revolution (1776-1783)

*Industrialization (19th century)

*Divorce revolution (20th century, 1960's)

What did the reformation in the 1500s accomplish?

*loosened restrictions by permitting closer degree of marriage and remarriage for widows

*Luther: Marriage rises to ideal, not second best anymore

*English reformation starts over divorce (anglican church gives right to divorce, but it was still very rare until mid 1800's)

What were the after effects of the christian revolution?

* Reformation didn't make much of a difference for most families for a long time

*No systematic weakening of church in matters of marriage and family

*Adoption forbidden until 19th century US

What are the two revolutions that relate to the family?

1. Independence provides powerful metaphors and propels legal change

2. Family facilitates industrial revolution which leads to ideological changes and new gender roles

What did the "great divorce" from England in 1776 refer to?

*Marriage is secularized (changes to an institution regulated by laws, customs, and vows rather than the church)

*Divorce becomes possible but remains rare

What is the metaphor with slavery and marriage?

*Marriage metaphor in defense of slavery: Master/husband protects salve wife

*Marriage metaphor against slavery: Marriage and slavery deny equality to all

coverature

Legal doctrine which limited womens rights

*Legal existence subsumed under that of her husband

*No right to vote

*couldn't own property, sign contract, or do business under own name

*severe legal inequalities: Husband has asymetric right over wives

Which events caused coverature to slightly relax around 1850's?

*Women's rights suffrage movement

-Seneca Falls convention 1848(men/women created equal)

- Married women's property act (NY 1848)

*Rollback of coverature was percieved as dire threat to marriage

How did industrialization (1800-1870) change the family?

*wage economy leads to economic independence for young people because no need to wait to inherit property

*reduced parental authority, increased individualism

*Rise of consensual unions, affections, and love

What are some aspects of separation of spheres ideology?

*Male=work, Women=home

*idea only available to upper/middle class since lower class everyone had to work

Between 1900's and 1935, which three ideas came about?

*Decline of Victorian ideal

-Drop in Birthrate, increase in divorce, increase in marriage rate

- Youth culture, first sexual revolution (1920)

-Modest increase in women labor force

-womens right to vote (1920 19th amendment)

*Changing meaning of marriage

-increase in importance of love and emotional satisfaction

*Depression and new deal try to reaffirm Victorian gender roles (mothers pensions only for widows)

In the 1950's, how did family life/trends change?

*postwar domesticity

*"golden age of family"

- younger marrying age (23m, 20w), higher fertility (baby boom), temporary decline in divorce rate, last triumph of separation of spheres (breadwinner-homemaker model)

What were family changes in 1960's and beyond?

*increasing age of marriage, decline fertility, second sexual revolution, divorce revolution, decline of breadwinner-homemaker, early adulthood (cohabitation)

What is the trend of the median age of family from 1890-2002?

Median age of marriage decline until 1950's then starts to increase around 1960's

What is the annual divorce rate trend from 1860-2000?

steady increase until 1930, sharp increase from 1930-1940, sharp decline from 1940-1960, steady increase 1960-1980 and steady level off after

How did trends of total fertility rate differ among hispanics, blacks, and whites from 1920-2005?

In general, fertility had a normal distribution curve from 1945-1975. Blacks had highest fertility.

What is the trend of percent of children ages 0-17 living in each of the 4 family types: no parent, breadwinner-homemakers, single parent/dual-earner, and two parent farm? (1790-1990)

*dual earner/single parent was steady, and then increased linearly after 1945ish

*breadwinner homemaker, steady increase, and then drop at 1960

*2 parent fam steady continuous decline

*No parent was steady level throughout

Compare trend of unmarried births between white, black, and hispanic from 1980-2005?

71.6% for blacks, 51.3% for Hispanics, 27.8% whites

What is the trend of living arrangement of U.S children from 1968-2002 comparing single and two parent household?

Two parents are declining and single parents are rising, but the percentage of two parent household is still greater than single parent

What is the trend between labor force participation between men and women from 1948-2010?

There was a wide gap with men working significantly more than women but that starts to even starting 1990s

True/False

Men and women are more similar than they are different

What is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex is biological and gender is a social creation

Explain what social construction of gender roles mean?

Gender roles exist in part because people agree that they exist and support their existence

True/False: Gender roles are fixed

false

What are the 3 Phases major economic changes are characterized by since WWII?

Phase 1: Boom years (1950's-1960's)

Phase 2: Disconnection (1973-1990's)

Phase 3: New Era (2000-Present)

What is the time period and characteristics of the Boom Years?

*1950's- 1960's

*Productivity increasing

*Low unemployment

*Good Jobs (manufacturing)

*Rising wages across income distribution

*Poverty decreasing from 1950-1970

What is the time period and characteristics of the Disconnection?

*1974-1990's

*oil embargo 1973

*Recession 1974-75, early 1980's

*High unemployment

*Economic growth in 1980's didn't benefit the poor

*Declining wages for low educated/blue collar men

*Growing family income inequality

*Late 1990's: Some improvement of wages of low-skilled workers economic boom

What is the time period and characteristics of the New Era?

*2000's-Present

*Slower economic growth

*high skilled workers experiencing more wage growth than low skilled

*sharp increase in family income inequality, real decline for the lower half

*The Great Recession 2008-2009

*Future of economic poverty link is uncertain

True/False: Income is increasing in 20% more so than in lower and middle income households?

True

What are the 3 main reasons for rising inequality between households?

1. Growing inequality of male earnings

2. Changing household size to 1-person with relatively low earnings

3. Move of middle class wives into labor force

What are the two measures of poverty?

1. Absolute poverty

2. Relative poverty

What are some characteristics of absolute poverty?

Official U.S definition, focuses on food security, updated annually for for inflation, and adjusted for family size

What is the general trend of poverty rate by age from 1959-2015?

Linear decline from 1959-1970, and then starts to level off at 1975

What are some characteristics of relative poverty?

Official EU definition, Earning less than 60% of the median national income, focus on relative standard of living is a measure of inequality, does not consider absolute standard of living

What is class and status?

*class emphasizes economic differences (income/ wealth)

*Status emphasizes common life style, mutual recognition, prestige, and education

Explain 4 characteristics of income distribution?

*median annual household income is about $51,000

*Upper 20% earn 48% of total income

*Bottom 20% earn 4% of income

*growing family income inequality since early 1970's

Explain 4 characteristics of education distribution?

*In 2010, Americans ages 25 or older had:

-30% had BA

-57% had BA or more

-13% had not graduated from HS

How are divorce/marriage and education related?

*less education leads to higher divorce rate

*more education leads to having babies after marriage

What is the "one drop rule" and how does it relate to hypo- descent

*Anyone with one drop of African ancestry was considered black

*hypodescent assigned children with mixed parentage the racial classification of the minority parent

What are the 5 main differences between black and white fams in 2000s?

*Blacks have later median age at marriage (28 for black and 26 for white)

*Lower marriage probability (65% of black and 90% of whites will marry eventually)

*More out of wedlock births (70% for blacks and 35% for whites)

*More single parent households (50% black and 20% white)

*Blacks have more extended fam households

What are the 5 main race categories?

1. Black

2. Non-hispanic white

3. Native American

4. Asian

5. Hispanic

True/False: Until 1950's blacks married earlier and were more likely to marry eventually than whites

True

How does fertility btw black and white women differ in the 20th century?

Black and white women have pretty much the same number of children as do white women

How does the legacy of slavery affect black households/marriage?

Legacy of slavery destroyed the role of father/husband and strengthened the role of mothers

True/False: Hispanic families have lower age of marriage than blacks and whites?

False

How was interracial marriage different for whites, black and native Americans?

There was more of a panic for black males and white females marrying, but interracial marriage was encouraged for whites and native americans

What things lead to the increase in interracial marriage rates today?

*decrease in racism

*higher education (diversity in campus)

*desegregation: increases availability of other race mates in marriage market

What are the three parts of sexual orientation?

Preferences, behavior, identity