Population and the Environment

Flashcards about population and the environment.

Population Density

Average number of people per unit area (usually km²).

Population Distribution

Pattern of where people live, from local to global scales.

Population Change

Temporal (time) or spatial (space) changes in population.

Birth Rate

Number of births per 1,000 people per year in a given place.

Death Rate

Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year in a given place.

Net Migration Change

Overall difference between immigrants and emigrants.

Net Fertility Rate

Average number of children that each woman of reproductive age (15-44) will have.

Net Replacement Rate

Total fertility rate at which the population is stable (2.1).

Food Security

Exists when all people, at all times, have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain an active and healthy life.

Commercial Agriculture

Growing of crops/rearing of livestock for profit.

Subsistence Agriculture

Sufficient food produced to provide for the farmer’s own family.

Agribusiness

Large corporate organization of farming focused on profit maximization and economy of scale.

Arable Agriculture

Related to growing of crops.

Pastoral Agriculture

Related to the rearing of livestock.

Mixed Agriculture

Combination of arable and pastoral agriculture.

Intensive Agriculture

Small farm size with large amounts of labor and inputs of capital required.

Extensive Agriculture

Very large farm size in comparison to inputs of money/labor needed.

Agricultural Productivity

A measure of how effectively the agricultural industry uses the resources available to turn inputs into outputs.

Zonal Soil

A soil formed over long periods of time under the influence of climate and vegetation; Clear cross section with defined features

Waterlogging

When amount of pore space filled w/ water leads to insufficient oxygen

Salination

A buildup of salts in the soil, causing clay soils to clump together.

Hydroponics

Technique of growing plants using a water-based nutrient solution instead of soils.

Aeroponics

Technique of growing plants in an air or mist environment, instead of soils.

Global Governance

The process of global management where multiple countries work together to help LICs.

Epidemiological Transition Model

Process of socio-economic development leading to a transition over time from infectious diseases to chronic and degenerative diseases as the most important causes of death.

Management (Disease)

The coordination of resources and activities in order to control the spread of a disease.

Mitigation (Disease)

Actions taken to reduce the likelihood of severity of a disease outbreak.

Coronary Heart Disease

A type of cardiovascular disease affecting the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle.

Population Structure

The percentage of people in different age groups and of different genders in a country’s population.

Demographic Transition Model

A model showing generalisations about how population growth, birth and death rates change overtime as a country develops.

Young Dependents

0-15 years old who are dependent on parents for food/shelter, education.

Elderly Dependents

Over 65, dependent on Government for pensions + healthcare or younger relatives

Demographic Dividend

The benefit a country gets when its working population outgrows its dependants, leading to an increase in economic productivity.

Net Migration

Balance between immigration and emigration.

Push Factor

Something perceived to be negative about the origin area, prompting emigration.

Pull Factor

Something perceived to be positive about the destination, attracting immigration.