kanthianism

ought

kant observed that the word ___ is often used nonmorally

hypothetical imperatives

this tells us what to do provided that we have the relevant desires

hypothetical imperatives

if you want so-and-so, then you ought to do such and such

categorical imperative

you ought to do such and such, period.

categorical imperative

oughts’ are possible because we have reason

1st formulation of categorical imperative

act only according to the maxim, which can will as a universal law

2nd formulation of categorical imperative

Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only

second formulation

focuses on treating people with respect. It means you should always treat others (and yourself) as valuable individuals, not just as tools to reach your own goals.

first formulation

you should ask: "What if everyone did this?" If the result is something that works well for society, then the action is acceptable.

Retributivism

Those who have committed a crime deserve to be treated badly. It is a matter of justice: If you harm other people, justice requires that you be harmed, too.

Retributivism

means that if someone does something wrong, they deserve to be punished simply because of what they did. It’s the idea that punishment should be fair and match the crime, giving people what they deserve as a response to their actions.

1st, people should be punished simply because they have committed crimes
2nd, punishment should be proportionate to the seriousness of the crime

retributivism should be governed by two principles

utilitarian model

if we see criminals as victims of circumstance, who do not ultimately control their own actions, the the ______ will appeal to us

kantanian retributivism

if we see criminals as rational agents who freely choose to do harm, the _____ will have great appeal to us.